Peroxisome Biogenesis: Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed

Physiology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred D. Mast ◽  
Andrei Fagarasanu ◽  
Barbara Knoblach ◽  
Richard A. Rachubinski
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Peroxisome Biogenesis ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Oxidative Reactions ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Organismal Development

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by their varied complement of organelles. One set of membrane-bound, usually spherical compartments are commonly grouped together under the term peroxisomes. Peroxisomes function in regulating the synthesis and availability of many diverse lipids by harnessing the power of oxidative reactions and contribute to a number of metabolic processes essential for cellular differentiation and organismal development.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Protein Network: From Biogenesis to Bioenergetics in Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Alessandra Ferramosca
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Protein Network ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Double Membrane ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Membrane Bound

Mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles which are essential for the viability of eukaryotic cells, because they play a crucial role in bioenergetics, metabolism and signaling [...]

scholarly journals Targeting of c-myc and β-globin coding sequences to cytoskeletal-bound polysomes by c-myc 3′ untranslated region

1994 ◽  
Vol 298 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Hesketh ◽  
G Campbell ◽  
M Piechaczyk ◽  
J M Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Untranslated Region ◽  
Mrna Localization ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Beta Globin ◽  
Globin Mrna ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Membrane Bound

The influence of the 3′ untranslated region on mRNA localization was investigated by measuring the distribution of myc, beta-globin and hybrid myc-globin mRNAs between free, cytoskeletal-bound and membrane-bound polysomes in cells transfected with either control or chimeric gene constructs. c-myc sequences and beta-globin-coding sequences linked to the myc 3′ untranslated region were present at greatest enrichment in cytoskeletal-bound polysomes. beta-Globin mRNA and myc-coding sequences linked to the beta-globin 3′ untranslated region were recovered largely in the free polysomes. In situ hybridization confirmed that replacement of the c-myc 3′ untranslated region by that of globin caused a relocalization of the mRNA. The results suggest that mRNA localization in differentiated eukaryotic cells depends on a mechanism that involves directional information in the 3′ untranslated region of mRNAs.

Organelle morphogenesis by active membrane remodeling

Soft Matter ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2387-2393 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ramakrishnan ◽  
John H. Ipsen ◽  
Madan Rao ◽  
P. B. Sunil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Membrane Remodeling ◽  
Active Membrane ◽  
Internal Membrane ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Morphological Identity ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having well defined internal membrane bound organelles with distinct morphological identity. We explore the issue of morphogenesis in the context of organelles subject to intense membrane trafficking and show that non-equilibrium driven processes are at the heart of organelle morphogenesis.

scholarly journals Vacuolar H+-ATPase: An Essential Multitasking Enzyme in Physiology and Pathophysiology

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Shannon Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Proton Pumps ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Membrane Bound

Vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are large multisubunit proton pumps that are required for housekeeping acidification of membrane-bound compartments in eukaryotic cells. Mammalian V-ATPases are composed of 13 different subunits. Their housekeeping functions include acidifying endosomes, lysosomes, phagosomes, compartments for uncoupling receptors and ligands, autophagosomes, and elements of the Golgi apparatus. Specialized cells, including osteoclasts, intercalated cells in the kidney and pancreatic beta cells, contain both the housekeeping V-ATPases and an additional subset of V-ATPases, which plays a cell type specific role. The specialized V-ATPases are typically marked by the inclusion of cell type specific isoforms of one or more of the subunits. Three human diseases caused by mutations of isoforms of subunits have been identified. Cancer cells utilize V-ATPases in unusual ways; characterization of V-ATPases may lead to new therapeutic modalities for the treatment of cancer. Two accessory proteins to the V-ATPase have been identified that regulate the proton pump. One is the (pro)renin receptor and data is emerging that indicates that V-ATPase may be intimately linked to renin/angiotensin signaling both systemically and locally. In summary, V-ATPases play vital housekeeping roles in eukaryotic cells. Specialized versions of the pump are required by specific organ systems and are involved in diseases.

scholarly journals A deep proteomics perspective on CRM1-mediated nuclear export and nucleocytoplasmic partitioning

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koray Kırlı ◽  
Samir Karaca ◽  
Heinz Jürgen Dehne ◽  
Matthias Samwer ◽  
Kuan Ting Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Xenopus Oocytes ◽  
Mrna Degradation ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Peroxisome Biogenesis ◽  
Spatial Control ◽  
Nuclear Interior ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Large Numbers

CRM1 is a highly conserved, RanGTPase-driven exportin that carries proteins and RNPs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. We now explored the cargo-spectrum of CRM1 in depth and identified surprisingly large numbers, namely >700 export substrates from the yeast S. cerevisiae, ≈1000 from Xenopus oocytes and >1050 from human cells. In addition, we quantified the partitioning of ≈5000 unique proteins between nucleus and cytoplasm of Xenopus oocytes. The data suggest new CRM1 functions in spatial control of vesicle coat-assembly, centrosomes, autophagy, peroxisome biogenesis, cytoskeleton, ribosome maturation, translation, mRNA degradation, and more generally in precluding a potentially detrimental action of cytoplasmic pathways within the nuclear interior. There are also numerous new instances where CRM1 appears to act in regulatory circuits. Altogether, our dataset allows unprecedented insights into the nucleocytoplasmic organisation of eukaryotic cells, into the contributions of an exceedingly promiscuous exportin and it provides a new basis for NES prediction.

scholarly journals Decreased, Deformed, Defective—How HIV-1 Vpu Targets Peroxisomes

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Hopfensperger ◽  
Daniel Sauter
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Viral Protein ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Peroxisome Biogenesis ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Peroxisomal Biogenesis ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Viral Protein U ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Peroxisomes are found in essentially all eukaryotic cells and have been described as important hubs in innate sensing and the induction of type III interferons upon viral infection. Nevertheless, it remains poorly investigated how viral pathogens modulate biogenesis or function of peroxisomes to evade innate sensing and restriction. In a recent study, Hobman and colleagues found that the accessory viral protein u (Vpu) of HIV-1 inhibits peroxisome activity by depleting cellular peroxisome pools. This depletion could be ascribed to a Vpu-dependent induction of four microRNAs (miRNAs) that suppress the expression of peroxisomal biogenesis factors PEX2, PEX7, PEX11B, and PEX13. Although the downstream effects on antiretroviral gene expression and HIV-1 replication remain to be determined, these findings provide important insights into peroxisome biogenesis and the modulation of cell organelles by HIV-1 Vpu.

Biomedical analysis of exosomes using biosensing methods: recent progress

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 2795-2811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houman Kholafazad Kordasht ◽  
Mohammad Hasanzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Biomedical Analysis ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Membrane Bound

Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are produced in the endosomal compartments of most eukaryotic cells; they play important roles in intercellular communication in diverse cellular processes and transmit different types of biomolecules.

scholarly journals Yeast Methylotrophy: Metabolism, Gene Regulation and Peroxisome Homeostasis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroya Yurimoto ◽  
Masahide Oku ◽  
Yasuyoshi Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Peroxisome Biogenesis ◽  
Methylotrophic Yeasts ◽  
Methanol Metabolism ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Metabolism Gene

Eukaryotic methylotrophs, which are able to obtain all the carbon and energy needed for growth from methanol, are restricted to a limited number of yeast species. When these yeasts are grown on methanol as the sole carbon and energy source, the enzymes involved in methanol metabolism are strongly induced, and the membrane-bound organelles, peroxisomes, which contain key enzymes of methanol metabolism, proliferate massively. These features have made methylotrophic yeasts attractive hosts for the production of heterologous proteins and useful model organisms for the study of peroxisome biogenesis and degradation. In this paper, we describe recent insights into the molecular basis of yeast methylotrophy.

CtaG is required for formation of active cytochrome c oxidase in Bacillus subtilis

Microbiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Bengtsson ◽  
Claes von Wachenfeldt ◽  
Lena Winstedt ◽  
Per Nygaard ◽  
Lars Hederstedt
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Assembly Factor ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Respiratory Oxidases ◽  
Copper Centre

The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis contains two respiratory oxidases of the haem-copper superfamily: cytochrome aa 3, which is a quinol oxidase, and cytochrome caa 3, which is a cytochrome c oxidase. Cytochrome c oxidase uniquely contains a di-copper centre, CuA. B. subtilis CtaG is a membrane protein encoded by the same gene cluster as that which encodes the subunits of cytochrome c oxidase. The role of B. subtilis CtaG and orthologous proteins present in many other Gram-positive bacteria has remained unexplored. The sequence of CtaG is unrelated to that of CtaG/Cox11p of proteobacteria and eukaryotic cells. This study shows that B. subtilis CtaG is essential for the formation of active cytochrome caa 3 but is not required for assembly of the core subunits I and II with haem in the membrane and it has no role in the synthesis of active cytochrome aa 3. B. subtilis YpmQ, a homologue to Sco1p of eukaryotic cells, is also a membrane-bound cytochrome c oxidase-specific assembly factor. Properties of CtaG- and YpmQ-deficient mutants were compared. Cells lacking YpmQ showed a low cytochrome c oxidase activity and this defect was suppressed by the supplementation of the growth medium with copper ions. It has previously been proposed that YpmQ/Sco1p is involved in synthesis of the CuA centre. The results of this study are consistent with this proposal but the exact role of YpmQ in assembly of cytochrome c oxidase remains to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Exosomes in Food: Health Benefits and Clinical Relevance in Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javaria Munir ◽  
Mihye Lee ◽  
Seongho Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Potential Use

ABSTRACT Exosomes are membrane-bound organelles generally secreted by eukaryotic cells that contain mRNAs, microRNAs, and/or proteins. However, recent studies have reported the isolation of these particles from foods such as lemon, ginger, and milk. Owing to their absorption by intestinal cells and further travel via the bloodstream, exosomes can reach distant organs and affect overall health in both infants and adults. The potential role of food-derived exosomes (FDEs) in alleviating diseases, as well as in modulating the gut microbiota has been shown, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Moreover, exosomes may provide biocompatible vehicles for the delivery of anti-cancer drugs, such as doxorubicin. Thus, exosomes may allow medical nutritionists and clinicians to develop safe and targeted therapies for the treatment of various pathologies. The present review introduces FDEs and their contents, highlights their role in disease and infant/adult health, and explores their potential use as therapeutic agents.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document