scholarly journals Adaptation of Color Reactions for Spectrophotometric Determination of Pitavastatin Calcium in Bulk Drugs and in Pharmaceutical Formulations

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marothu Vamsi Krishna ◽  
Dannana Gowri Sankar
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Reagent Blank ◽  
Colored Complex ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pitavastatin Calcium ◽  
Color Reactions

Three simple, sensitive and cost effective Spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of pitavastatin calcium (PST) in bulk drugs and in pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on the oxidation of PST by ferric chloride in presence ofo-phenanthroline (Method A) or 2, 2’ bipyridyl (Method B) or potassium ferricyanide (Method C). The colored complex formed was measured at 510, 530 and 755 nm for method A, B and C respectively against the reagent blank prepared in the same manner. The optimum experimental parameters for the color production are selected. Beer’s law is valid with in a concentration range of 4-20 μg mL-1for method A, 7.5-37.5 μg mL-1for method B and 5 -25 μg mL-1for method C. For more accurate results, ringbom optimum concentration ranges are 5-18 μg mL-1for method A , 8.5-35.5 μg mL-1for method B and 6.0-23.0 μg mL-1for method C. The molar absorptivities are 3.55x104, 2.10x104and 3.10x104L mol-1cm-1. Where as sandell sensitivities are 0.024, 0.041 and 0.028 μg cm-22 for method A, B and C respectively. The mean percentage recoveries are 99.95 for method A, 101.35 for method B and 100.33 for method C. The developed methods were applied for the determination of PST in bulk powder and in the pharmaceutical formulations without any interference from tablet excipients.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Investigations of Macrolide Antibiotics: A Brief Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. ACI.S31857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrudul R. Keskar ◽  
Ravin M. Jugade
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotics ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Streptomyces Species ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Deoxy Sugar ◽  
Injection Methods

Macrolides, one of the most commonly used class of antibiotics, are a group of drugs produced by Streptomyces species. They belong to the polyketide class of natural products. Their activity is due to the presence of a large macrolide lactone ring with deoxy sugar moieties. They are protein synthesis inhibitors and broad-spectrum antibiotics, active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Different analytical techniques have been reported for the determination of macrolides such as chromatographic methods, flow injection methods, spectrofluorometric methods, spectrophotometric methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods. Among these methods, spectrophotometric methods are sensitive and cost effective for the analysis of various antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations as well as biological samples. This article reviews different spectrophotometric methods for the determination of macrolide antibiotics.

scholarly journals Three Spectrophotometric Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Duloxetine in Presence of its Toxic Impurity: 1-Naphthol

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 972-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A Naguib ◽  
Nessreen S Abdelhamid ◽  
Basma H Anwar ◽  
Maimana A Magdy
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Duloxetine Hydrochloride ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Mean Centering ◽  
Absorbance Difference ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Duloxetine hydrochloride (DUL) is a drug used to treat depression and anxiety. 1-Naphthol is a potential toxic impurity of DUL, as it causes hepatotoxicity in humans, and it is harmful to aquatic life. Objective Three simple, selective, rapid, accurate and precise methods were developed and validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and selectivity for analysis of duloxetine hydrochloride (DUL) in the presence of its potential toxic impurity 1-Naphthol in different laboratory-prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations. Methods Method (A) is the first derivative of the ratio spectra spectrophotometric (1DD) method which allows determination of DUL at 251 nm and 1-Naphthol at 305.2 nm without interference from each other. Method B (dual wavelength) means that two different wavelengths were chosen to each drug, where the absorbance difference at these two wavelengths is equal to zero to the second drug. The chosen two wavelengths for DUL were 221.4 nm and 235.6, where the absorbance difference for 1-naphthol at these two wavelengths was equal to zero. While the chosen wavelengths for 1-naphthol were 247.8 nm and 297 nm, where the absorbance difference for DUL at these two wavelengths was equal to zero. Method (C) is the mean centering of ratio spectra spectrophotometric (MCR) method, which depends on measuring the mean centered values of ratio spectra of both DUL and 1-Naphthol at 226 nm. Results These methods were validated and agreed with the requirements of ICH guidelines with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and selectivity. Conclusions The results indicate the ability of developed methods to be used for routine quality control analysis of DUL in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations in the presence of its potential impurity 1-Naphthol.

scholarly journals Simple Spectrophotometric Determination of Torsemide in Bulk Drug and in Formulations

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marothu Vamsi Krishna ◽  
Dannana Gowri Sankar
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Bulk Drug

A simple and cost effective spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of torsemide in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the formation of blue colored chromogen when the drug reacts with Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reagent in alkaline medium. The colored species has an absorption maximum at 760 nm and obeys beer's law in the concentration range 30 – 150 ug mL−1. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration of TSM, which is corroborated by the calculated correlation coefficient value of 0.9999 (n=8). The apparent molar absorptivity and sandell sensitivity were 1.896×103L mol−1cm−1and 0.183 μg cm−2, respectively. The slope and intercept of the equation of the regression line are 5.4x10−3and 1.00×10−4respectively. The limit of detection was 0.94.The optimum experimental parameters for the reaction have been studied. The validity of the described procedure was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of TSM in pharmaceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Optimization and Validation of Quantitative Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Alfuzosin in Pharmaceutical Formulations

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vamsi Krishna ◽  
D. Gowri Sankar
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Beer's Law ◽  
Colored Product ◽  
Beer’S Law ◽  
Control Application

Three accurate, simple and precise spectrophotometric methods for the determination of alfuzosin hydrochloride in bulk drugs and tablets are developed. The first method is based on the reaction of alfuzosin with ninhydrin reagent inN, N'-dimethylformamide medium (DMF) producing a colored product which absorbs maximally at 575 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range 12.5-62.5 µg/mL of alfuzosin. The second method is based on the reaction of drug with ascorbic acid in DMF medium resulting in the formation of a colored product, which absorbs maximally at 530 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration 10-50 µg/mL of alfuzosin. The third method is based on the reaction of alfuzosin withp-benzoquinone (PBQ) to form a colored product with λmax at 400 nm. The products of the reaction were stable for 2 h at room temperature. The optimum experimental parameters for the reactions have been studied. The validity of the described procedures was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed methods could be used for the determination of alfuzosin in pharmaceutical formulations. The procedures were rapid, simple and suitable for quality control application.

scholarly journals Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Rosuvastatin Calcium in Pure Form and in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Using Safranin O and Methylene blue

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marothu Vamsi Krishna ◽  
Dannana Gowri Sankar
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Ion Association ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Pure Form ◽  
Reagent Blank ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Chloroform Layer ◽  
Safranin O ◽  
Rosuvastatin Calcium

Two simple extractive Spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of rosuvastatin calcium (RST) in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on the formation of ion association complexes of the RST with basic dyes safranin O (Method A) and methylene blue (Method B) in basic buffer of pH 9.8 followed by their extraction in chloroform. The absorbance of the chloroform layer for each method was measured at its appropriate λmaxagainst the reagent blank. These methods have been statistically evaluated and are found to be precise and accurate.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Determination of Raloxifene Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mathrusri Annapurna ◽  
M. E. Bhanoji Rao ◽  
B. V. V. Ravi Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Reagent Blank ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Maximum Absorbance ◽  
Bulk Drug ◽  
Raloxifene Hydrochloride ◽  
Tablet Dosage

Three new simple, sensitive, rapid and economical spectrophotometric Methods (A, B and C) have been developed for the determination of Raloxifene Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical bulk and tablet dosage form. Method A is based on the formation of yellow colored chromogen with 0.1N Sodium hydroxide exhibiting maximum absorbance against the corresponding reagent blank. The method B is based on the reaction of Raloxifene with Ferric chloride and 1, 10-phenanthroline to form blood red colored chromogen. The method C is based on the formation of blood red colored chromogen with Ferric chloride and 2, 2' bipyridyl. The absorbencies of the chromogens were measured at their respective wavelength of maximum absorbance against the corresponding reagent blank. The proposed methods have been successfully applied to the analysis of the bulk drug and its tablet dosage form. The methods have been statistically evaluated and were found to be precise and accurate.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Determination of Ceftibuten in Bulk and in Pharmaceutical Formulations

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Vijayalakshmi ◽  
P. Bhargavi ◽  
P. Srujana Kumari ◽  
P. Sruthi ◽  
M. D. Dhanaraju
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Absorption Maximum ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Experimental Parameters

A simple and cost effective spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of ceftibuten in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the formation of blue colored chromogen, when the drug reacts with Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reagent in alkaline medium. The colored species has an absorption maximum at 798 nm and obeys Beer’s law in the concentration range 10-50 mcg/mL. The apparent molar absorptivity and sandell’s sensitivity were 0.4583x104and 0.3x104respectively. The slope and intercept of the equation of the regression line are 4.5x10-3and 1.3x10-5respectively. The optimum experimental parameters for the reaction have been studied and the validity of the described procedure was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of ceftibuten in pharmaceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Estimation of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride in Bulk and Formulation by Derivative UV-Spectrophotometric Methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rekha Kharat ◽  
Santosh Jadhav ◽  
Dilshadbee Tamboli ◽  
Ashpak Tamboli
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Simple, fast and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The solutions of standard and the sample were prepared in Distilled Water. The quantitative determination of the drug was carried out using the zero/0th, first, and second order method values measured at264, 273and 273 nm respectively. Calibration graphs constructed at their wavelengths of determination were linear in the concentration range of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride using 2-10?g/ml (r=0.9991, r=0.9993, r=0.9955) for zero, first and second order spectrophotometric method. All the proposed methods have been extensively validated as per ICH guidelines. There was no significant difference between the performance of the proposed methods regarding the mean values and standard deviations. The developed methods were successfully applied to estimate the amount of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Spectrofluorimetric and Spectrophotometric Determination of Gliclazide in Pharmaceuticals by Derivatization with 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole

2003 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahed El-Enany
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Yellow Fluorescence ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract Accurate, sensitive, and simple spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods were developed for the determination of gliclazide in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. Both methods are based on a coupling reaction between gliclazide and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole in borate buffer, pH 7.8, in which a yellow reaction product that can be measured spectrophotometrically at 400 nm was developed. The same product exhibited a yellow fluorescence at 470 nm upon excitation at 400 nm. The absorbance–concentration plot was rectilinear over the range of 2–20 μg/mL with minimum detectability [signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio = 2] of 0.2 μg/mL (6.18 × 10−7 M); the fluorescence–concentration plot was rectilinear over the range of 0.2–2.5 μg/mL with minimum detectability (S/N = 2) of 0.02 μg/mL (6.18 × 10−8M). The different experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the color were carefully studied and optimized. Both methods were successfully applied to the analysis of commercial tablets. The results were in good agreement with those obtained with the official and reference spectrophotometric methods. A proposal of the reaction pathway was presented.

NEW SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF ELETRIPTAN IN DRUG FORMULATION

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (01) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
N Usha Rani ◽  
◽  
R. Sreenivasa Rao ◽  
K. Saraswathi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Coupling ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
Reagent Blank ◽  
Colored Complex ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Oxidative Coupling Reaction ◽  
Bulk Drug

Five simple, accurate, sensitive and economical UV spectrophotometric methods has been developed and subsequently validated for the determination of eletriptan in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The methods were based on the formulation of colored complex of eletriptan with different reagents. Absorbance of the formed color complex is measured against the reagent blank at the wavelength of maximum absorbance. In this paper, five spectrophotometric methods were proposed. Method A is based on the formation of oxidative coupling reaction involving the use of iron (III) – MBTH (3-methyl-2-benzo thiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride). The resulting green colored chromogen complex absorbs at λmax = 520 nm. Reaction of eletriptan with ferric chloride and K3 [Fe (CN)6 ] to form a green colored species having absorption maxima at λmax =790 nm is used in Method B. Method C is based on the reaction eletriptan with FeCl3 and 1,10 phenanthroline to form a blood red colored chromogen, exhibiting absorption at λmax = 620 nm. Formation of oxidative coupling of drug with brucine in the presence of sodium meta periodate to form a purple red colored species is used in Method D which exhibits absorption maxima at λmax = 520 nm. Method E is based on the formation of complex with acidic dye WF BBL having absorption maxima at λmax = 610 nm. All these methods have different linearity ranges. Statistical analysis proves that the proposed methods are reproducible and selective for the estimation of eletriptan in bulk drug and in its tablet dosage form.

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