scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Investigations of Macrolide Antibiotics: A Brief Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. ACI.S31857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrudul R. Keskar ◽  
Ravin M. Jugade
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotics ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Streptomyces Species ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Deoxy Sugar ◽  
Injection Methods

Macrolides, one of the most commonly used class of antibiotics, are a group of drugs produced by Streptomyces species. They belong to the polyketide class of natural products. Their activity is due to the presence of a large macrolide lactone ring with deoxy sugar moieties. They are protein synthesis inhibitors and broad-spectrum antibiotics, active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Different analytical techniques have been reported for the determination of macrolides such as chromatographic methods, flow injection methods, spectrofluorometric methods, spectrophotometric methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods. Among these methods, spectrophotometric methods are sensitive and cost effective for the analysis of various antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations as well as biological samples. This article reviews different spectrophotometric methods for the determination of macrolide antibiotics.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Color Reactions for Spectrophotometric Determination of Pitavastatin Calcium in Bulk Drugs and in Pharmaceutical Formulations

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marothu Vamsi Krishna ◽  
Dannana Gowri Sankar
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Reagent Blank ◽  
Colored Complex ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pitavastatin Calcium ◽  
Color Reactions

Three simple, sensitive and cost effective Spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of pitavastatin calcium (PST) in bulk drugs and in pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on the oxidation of PST by ferric chloride in presence ofo-phenanthroline (Method A) or 2, 2’ bipyridyl (Method B) or potassium ferricyanide (Method C). The colored complex formed was measured at 510, 530 and 755 nm for method A, B and C respectively against the reagent blank prepared in the same manner. The optimum experimental parameters for the color production are selected. Beer’s law is valid with in a concentration range of 4-20 μg mL-1for method A, 7.5-37.5 μg mL-1for method B and 5 -25 μg mL-1for method C. For more accurate results, ringbom optimum concentration ranges are 5-18 μg mL-1for method A , 8.5-35.5 μg mL-1for method B and 6.0-23.0 μg mL-1for method C. The molar absorptivities are 3.55x104, 2.10x104and 3.10x104L mol-1cm-1. Where as sandell sensitivities are 0.024, 0.041 and 0.028 μg cm-22 for method A, B and C respectively. The mean percentage recoveries are 99.95 for method A, 101.35 for method B and 100.33 for method C. The developed methods were applied for the determination of PST in bulk powder and in the pharmaceutical formulations without any interference from tablet excipients.

Colorimetric Determination of Amoxicillin in Pure and some Pharmaceutical Formulations Via Reaction with Potassium Permanganate as Oxidant Reagent

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Shebeeb Al-kadumi ◽  
Sahar Rihan Fadhel ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Ahmed ◽  
Luma Amer Musa
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Basic Medium ◽  
Photometric Method ◽  
Colorimetric Determination ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Label Claim

We proposed two simple, rapid, and convenient spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of Amoxicillin in bulk and its pharmaceutical preparations. They are based on the measurement of the flame atomic emission of potassium ion (in first method) and colorimetric determination of the green colored solution for manganite ion at 610 nm formed after reaction of Amoxicillin with potassium permanganate as oxidant agent (in the second method) in basic medium. The working conditions of the methods were investigated and optimized. Beer's law plot showed a good correlation in the concentration range of 5-45 μg/ml. The detection limits and relative standared deviations were (2.573, 2.814 μg/ml) (2.137, 2.498) for the flame emission photometric method and (1.844, 2.016 μg/ml) (1.645,1.932) for colorimetric methods for capsules and suspensions respectively. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of Amoxicillin in capsules and suspensions, and the obtained results were in good agreement with the label claim. No interference was observed from the commonly encountered additives and expectancies.

scholarly journals SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF SOFOSBUVIR AND DACLATASVIR IN PURE AND DOSAGE FORMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
MONIR Z. SAAD ◽  
ATEF AMER ◽  
KHALED ELGENDY ◽  
BASEM ELGENDY
Keyword(s):  
Indigo Carmine ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods

Objective: Two simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of sofosbuvir (SOF) and daclatasvir (DAC) in pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. Methods: The proposed methods are based on the oxidation of SOF and DAC by a known excess of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate in sulphuric acid medium followed by determination of unreacted cerium(IV) by adding a fixed amount of indigo carmine (IC) and alizarin red S (ARS) dyes followed by measuring the absorbance at 610 and 360 nm, respectively. The experimental conditions affecting the reaction were studied and optimized. Results: The beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration ranges of 0.2-3.0, 0.2-4.0 for SOF and 0.5-4.5 and 0.5-5.0 μg/ml for DAC using IC and ARS methods, respectively with a correlation coefficient ≥ 0.9991. The calculated molar absorptivity values are 2.354 × 104, 1.933 × 104 for SOF and 1.786 × 104 and 2.015 × 104 L/mol. cm for DAC using IC and ARS methods, respectively u. The limits of detection and quantification are also reported. Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy of the methods have been evaluated. Conclusion: The methods were successfully applied to the assay of SOF and DAC in tablets and the results were statistically compared with those of the reference method by applying Student’s t-test and F-test. No interference was observed from the common tablet excipients. The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further ascertained by performing recovery studies using the standard addition method.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Methods for the Assay of Pyrilamine Maleate Using Chromogenic Reagents

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1507-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Annapurna ◽  
G. Jyothi ◽  
V. Nagalakshmi ◽  
B. B. V. Sailaja
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Oxidative Coupling ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Oxidative Coupling Reaction ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexation

Simple, accurate and reproducible UV spectrophotometric methods were established for the assay of pyrilamine maleate (PYRA) based on the formation of oxidative coupling and precipitation, charge transfer complexation products. Method A includes the oxidative coupling reaction of PYRA with 3-methyl-2-benzathiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) in presence of Ce(IV). The formation of oxidative coupling product with 4-amino phenazone (4-AP) in presence of K3Fe(CN)6is incorporated in method B. Precipitation/charge transfer complex formation of the PYRA with tannic acid (TA)/Metol-Cr(VI) in method C were proposed. The optical characteristics such as Beers law limits, molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity for the methods (A-C) are given. Regression analysis using the method of least squares was made to evaluate the slope (b), intercept (a) and correlation coefficient (r) and standard error of estimation (Se) for each system. Determination of pyrilamine in bulk form and in pharmaceutical formulations were also incorporated.

scholarly journals Estimation of Levocetirizine in Bulk and Formulation by First Order Derivative Area under Curve UV-Spectrophotometric Methods.

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 09
Author(s):  
Pandurang Tukaram Mane
Keyword(s):  
Area Under Curve ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Order Derivative ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
First Order ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Significant Difference

Simple, fast and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of Levocetirizine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The solutions of standard and the sample were prepared in Methanol. The quantitative determination of the drug was carried out using the second order Derivative Area under Curve method values measured at 235-243 nm. Calibration graphs constructed at their wavelengths of determination were linear in the concentration range of Levocetirizine using 5-25?g/ml (r=0.9994) for first order Derivative Area under Curve spectrophotometric method. The proposed methods have been extensively validated as per ICH guidelines. There was no significant difference between the performance of the proposed methods regarding the mean values and standard deviations. The developed methods were successfully applied to estimate the amount of Levocetirizine in pharmaceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride in Bulk and Formulation by Second Order Derivative Area Under Curve UV-Spectrophotometric Methods.

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Rekha Sudam Kharat
Keyword(s):  
Area Under Curve ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Derivative ◽  
Tramadol Hydrochloride ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Significant Difference

Simple, fast and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of Tramadol Hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The solutions of standard and the sample were prepared in Distilled Water. The quantitative determination of the drug was carried out using the second order Derivative Area under Curve method values measured at 272-280nm. Calibration graphs constructed at their wavelengths of determination were linear in the concentration range of Tramadol Hydrochloride using 2-10?g/ml (r=0.9925) for second order Derivative Area under Curve spectrophotometric method. All the proposed methods have been extensively validated as per ICH guidelines. There was no significant difference between the performance of the proposed methods regarding the mean values and standard deviations. The developed methods were successfully applied to estimate the amount of Tramadol Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Sensitive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Ascorbic Acid

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Revanasiddappa ◽  
M. A. Veena
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Acid Medium ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Maximum Absorbance ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid Medium ◽  
Subsequent Determination ◽  
Sulphuric Acid Medium

Two simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods (A and B) have been described for the determination of ascorbic acid. Method A is based on the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) by known excess of Se(IV) in hydrochloric acid medium and subsequent determination of unreacted Se(IV) by reacting it with iodide in the same acid medium to liberate iodine, which react with starch to form a stable blue coloured iodine-starch complex, which shows maximum absorbance at 590 nm. Method B is based on the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) by known excess of Cr(VI) in sulphuric acid medium and the determination of unreacted Cr(VI) with diphenyl carbazide (DPC) under the same acidic medium to produce a stable red-violet coloured species, which shows a maximum absorbance at 550 nm. The reacted oxidants (in methods A and B) correspond to the AA content. The apparent molar absorptivity values are found to be 1.627×104and 1.641×104L mol-1cm-1for methods A and B, respectively. The proposed methods are simple, sensitive and suitable for the routine analysis of AA in pharmaceutical formulations and in real samples.

scholarly journals Estimation of Ofloxacin in Bulk and Formulation by Second Order DerivativeUV-Spectrophotometric Methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Shivaji Shinde ◽  
Santosh Jadhav ◽  
Rekha Kharat ◽  
Afaque Ansari ◽  
Ashpak Tamboli
Keyword(s):  
Area Under Curve ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Derivative ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Significant Difference

Simple, fast and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of Ofloxacin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The solutions of standard and the sample were prepared in Methanol. The quantitative determination of the drug was carried out using the second order Derivative Area under Curve method values measured at 295-301nm. Calibration graphs constructed at their wavelengths of determination were linear in the concentration range of Ofloxacin using 2-10?g/ml (r=0.9947) for second order Derivative Area under Curve spectrophotometric method. All the proposed methods have been extensively validated as per ICH guidelines. There was no significant difference between the performance of the proposed methods regarding the mean values and standard deviations. The developed methods were successfully applied to estimate the amount of Ofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Using Acidic Triphenylmethane Dyes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Susmitha ◽  
M. Thirumalachary ◽  
T. Charan Singh ◽  
G. Venkateshwarlu
Keyword(s):  
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Bromocresol Purple ◽  
Triphenylmethane Dyes ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor that has activity against the hepatitis B and HIV viruses. Three simple and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric methods have been described for the assay of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. The developed methods involve formation of colored chloroform extractable ion-pair complexes of the drugs with triphenylmethane dyes, namely, bromothymol blue (BTB), bromophenol blue (BPB), and bromocresol purple (BCP) in acidic medium. The extracted complexes showed absorbance maxima between 410 and 415 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 1.5–25, 1.0–25, and 1.25–25 μg mL−1 with BTB, BPB, and BCP, respectively. The effectc of concentration of dye, pH, and interference of excipients have been studied and optimized. The limits of detection and quantification have been determined. All three methods are validated as per the guidelines of ICH. The methods have been applied to the determination of drug in commercial tablets and results of analysis were validated statistically through recovery studies.

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