Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 1337-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Ivy ◽  
Harold W. Goforth ◽  
Bruce M. Damon ◽  
Thomas R. McCauley ◽  
Edward C. Parsons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Ordered Design ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplement

In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that a carbohydrate-protein (CHO-Pro) supplement would be more effective in the replenishment of muscle glycogen after exercise compared with a carbohydrate supplement of equal carbohydrate content (LCHO) or caloric equivalency (HCHO). After 2.5 ± 0.1 h of intense cycling to deplete the muscle glycogen stores, subjects ( n = 7) received, using a rank-ordered design, a CHO-Pro (80 g CHO, 28 g Pro, 6 g fat), LCHO (80 g CHO, 6 g fat), or HCHO (108 g CHO, 6 g fat) supplement immediately after exercise (10 min) and 2 h postexercise. Before exercise and during 4 h of recovery, muscle glycogen of the vastus lateralis was determined periodically by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Exercise significantly reduced the muscle glycogen stores (final concentrations: 40.9 ± 5.9 mmol/l CHO-Pro, 41.9 ± 5.7 mmol/l HCHO, 40.7 ± 5.0 mmol/l LCHO). After 240 min of recovery, muscle glycogen was significantly greater for the CHO-Pro treatment (88.8 ± 4.4 mmol/l) when compared with the LCHO (70.0 ± 4.0 mmol/l; P = 0.004) and HCHO (75.5 ± 2.8 mmol/l; P = 0.013) treatments. Glycogen storage did not differ significantly between the LCHO and HCHO treatments. There were no significant differences in the plasma insulin responses among treatments, although plasma glucose was significantly lower during the CHO-Pro treatment. These results suggest that a CHO-Pro supplement is more effective for the rapid replenishment of muscle glycogen after exercise than a CHO supplement of equal CHO or caloric content.

Muscle glycogen storage postexercise: effect of mode of carbohydrate administration

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 720-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Reed ◽  
J. T. Brozinick ◽  
M. C. Lee ◽  
J. L. Ivy
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
Muscle Biopsies ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplement

The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether gastric emptying limits the rate of muscle glycogen storage during the initial 4 h after exercise when a carbohydrate supplement is provided. A secondary purpose was to determine whether liquid (L) and solid (S) carbohydrate (CHO) feedings result in different rates of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. Eight subjects cycled for 2 h on three separate occasions to deplete their muscle glycogen stores. After each exercise bout they received 3 g CHO/kg body wt in L (50% glucose polymer) or S (rice/banana cake) form or by intravenous infusion (I; 20% sterile glucose). The L and S supplements were divided into two equal doses and administered immediately after and 120 min after exercise, whereas the I supplement was administered continuously during the first 235 min of the 240-min recovery period. Blood samples were drawn from an antecubital vein before exercise, during exercise, and throughout recovery. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis immediately after and 120 and 240 min after exercise. Blood glucose and insulin declined during exercise and increased significantly above preexercise levels during recovery in all treatments. The increase in blood glucose during the I treatment, however, was three times greater than during the L or S treatments. The average insulin response of the L treatment (61.7 +/- 4.9 microU/ml) was significantly greater than that of the S treatment (47.5 +/- 4.2 microU/ml) but not that of the I (55.3 +/- 4.5 microU/ml) treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Muscle glycogen storage after different amounts of carbohydrate ingestion

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 2018-2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Ivy ◽  
M. C. Lee ◽  
J. T. Brozinick ◽  
M. J. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the rate of muscle glycogen storage could be enhanced during the initial 4-h period postexercise by substantially increasing the amount of the carbohydrate consumed. Eight subjects cycled for 2 h on three separate occasions to deplete their muscle glycogen stores. Immediately and 2 h after exercise they consumed either 0 (P), 1.5 (L), or 3.0 g glucose/kg body wt (H) from a 50% glucose polymer solution. Blood samples were drawn from an antecubital vein before exercise, during exercise, and throughout recovery. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis immediately, 2 h, and 4 h after exercise. Blood glucose and insulin declined significantly during exercise in each of the three treatments. They remained below the preexercise concentrations during recovery in the P treatment but increased significantly above the preexercise concentrations during the L and H treatments. By the end of the 4 h-recovery period, blood glucose and insulin were still significantly above the preexercise concentrations in both treatments. Muscle glycogen storage was significantly increased above the basal rate (P, 0.5 mumol.g wet wt-1.h-1) after ingestion of either glucose polymer supplement. The rates of muscle glycogen storage, however, were not different between the L and H treatments during the first 2 h (L, 5.2 +/- 0.9 vs. H, 5.8 +/- 0.7 mumol.g wet wt-1.h-1) or the second 2 h of recovery (L, 4.0 +/- 0.9 vs. H, 4.5 +/- 0.6 mumol.g wet wt-1. h-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1854-1859 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Zawadzki ◽  
B. B. Yaspelkis ◽  
J. L. Ivy
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Insulin Responses

Carbohydrate, protein, and carbohydrate-protein supplements were compared to determine their effects on muscle glycogen storage during recovery from prolonged exhaustive exercise. Nine male subjects cycled for 2 h on three separate occasions to deplete their muscle glycogen stores. Immediately and 2 h after each exercise bout, they ingested 112.0 g carbohydrate (CHO), 40.7 g protein (PRO), or 112.0 g carbohydrate and 40.7 g protein (CHO-PRO). Blood samples were drawn before exercise, immediately after exercise, and throughout recovery. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis immediately and 4 h after exercise. During recovery the plasma glucose response of the CHO treatment was significantly greater than that of the CHO-PRO treatment, but the plasma insulin response of the CHO-PRO treatment was significantly greater than that of the CHO treatment. Both the CHO and CHO-PRO treatments produced plasma glucose and insulin responses that were greater than those produced by the PRO treatment (P less than 0.05). The rate of muscle glycogen storage during the CHO-PRO treatment [35.5 +/- 3.3 (SE) mumol.g protein-1.h-1] was significantly faster than during the CHO treatment (25.6 +/- 2.3 mumol.g protein-1.h-1), which was significantly faster than during the PRO treatment (7.6 +/- 1.4 mumol.g protein-1.h-1). The results suggest that postexercise muscle glycogen storage can be enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement as a result of the interaction of carbohydrate and protein on insulin secretion.

Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1480-1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Ivy ◽  
A. L. Katz ◽  
C. L. Cutler ◽  
W. M. Sherman ◽  
E. F. Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Exercise Effect ◽  
Exercise Muscle ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplement

The time of ingestion of a carbohydrate supplement on muscle glycogen storage postexercise was examined. Twelve male cyclists exercised continuously for 70 min on a cycle ergometer at 68% VO2max, interrupted by six 2-min intervals at 88% VO2max, on two separate occasions. A 25% carbohydrate solution (2 g/kg body wt) was ingested immediately postexercise (P-EX) or 2 h postexercise (2P-EX). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at 0, 2, and 4 h postexercise. Blood samples were obtained from an antecubital vein before and during exercise and at specific times after exercise. Muscle glycogen immediately postexercise was not significantly different for the P-EX and 2P-EX treatments. During the first 2 h postexercise, the rate of muscle glycogen storage was 7.7 mumol.g wet wt-1.h-1 for the P-EX treatment, but only 2.5 mumol.g wet wt-1.h-1 for the 2P-EX treatment. During the second 2 h of recovery, the rate of glycogen storage slowed to 4.3 mumol.g wet wt-1.h-1 during treatment P-EX but increased to 4.1 mumol.g wet wt-1.h-1 during treatment 2P-EX. This rate, however, was still 45% slower (P less than 0.05) than that for the P-EX treatment during the first 2 h of recovery. This slower rate of glycogen storage occurred despite significantly elevated plasma glucose and insulin levels. The results suggest that delaying the ingestion of a carbohydrate supplement post-exercise will result in a reduced rate of muscle glycogen storage.

Effect of alcohol intake on muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 983-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise M. Burke ◽  
Greg R. Collier ◽  
Elizabeth M. Broad ◽  
Peter G. Davis ◽  
David T. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Optimal Recovery ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Serum Triglycerides ◽  
Nutrition Practices ◽  
Insulin Responses

We studied the effects of alcohol intake on postexercise muscle glycogen restoration with samples from vastus lateralis being collected immediately after glycogen-depleting cycling and after a set recovery period. Six well-trained cyclists undertook a study of 8-h recovery (2 meals), and another nine cyclists undertook a separate 24-h protocol (4 meals). In each study, subjects completed three trials in crossover order: control (C) diet [meals providing carbohydrate (CHO) of 1.75 g/kg]; alcohol-displacement (A) diet (1.5 g/kg alcohol displacing CHO energy from C) and alcohol + CHO (AC) diet (C + 1.5 g/kg alcohol). Alcohol intake reduced postmeal glycemia especially in A trial and 24-h study, although insulin responses were maintained. Alcohol intake increased serum triglycerides, particularly in the 24-h study and AC trial. Glycogen storage was decreased in A diets compared with C at 8 h (24.4 ± 7 vs. 44.6 ± 6 mmol/kg wet wt, means ± SE, P < 0.05) and 24 h (68 ± 5 vs. 82 ± 5 mmol/kg wet wt, P < 0.05). There was a trend to reduced glycogen storage with AC in 8 h (36.2 ± 8 mmol/kg wet wt, P = 0.1) but no difference in 24 h (85 ± 9 mmol/kg wet wt). We conclude that 1) the direct effect of alcohol on postexercise glycogen synthesis is unclear, and 2) the main effect of alcohol intake is indirect, by displacing CHO intake from optimal recovery nutrition practices.

Muscle glycogen recovery after exercise during glucose and fructose intake monitored by13C-NMR

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 1495-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianus J. Van Den Bergh ◽  
Sibrand Houtman ◽  
Arend Heerschap ◽  
Nancy J. Rehrer ◽  
Hendrikus J. Van Den Boogert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Fructose Intake ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
C Nmr

Van Den Bergh, Adrianus J., Sibrand Houtman, Arend Heerschap, Nancy J. Rehrer, Hendrikus J. Van Den Boogert, Berend Oeseburg, and Maria T. E. Hopman. Muscle glycogen recovery after exercise during glucose and fructose intake monitored by13C-NMR. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(4): 1495–1500, 1996.—The purpose of this study was to examine muscle glycogen recovery with glucose feeding (GF) compared with fructose feeding (FF) during the first 8 h after partial glycogen depletion by using13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) on a clinical 1.5-T NMR system. After measurement of the glycogen concentration of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle in seven male subjects, glycogen stores of the VL were depleted by bicycle exercise. During 8 h after completion of exercise, subjects were orally given either GF or FF while the glycogen content of the VL was monitored by13C-NMR spectroscopy every second hour. The muscular glycogen concentration was expressed as a percentage of the glycogen concentration measured before exercise. The glycogen recovery rate during GF (4.2 ± 0.2%/h) was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) compared with values during FF (2.2 ± 0.3%/h). This study shows that 1) muscle glycogen levels are perceptible by 13C-NMR spectroscopy at 1.5 T and 2) the glycogen restoration rate is higher after GF compared with after FF.

scholarly journals Effects of depletion exercise and light training on muscle glycogen supercompensation in men

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (6) ◽  
pp. E1304-E1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold W. Goforth ◽  
Didier Laurent ◽  
William K. Prusaczyk ◽  
Kevin E. Schneider ◽  
Kitt Falk Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Cycle Exercise ◽  
Daily Cycle ◽  
Daily Exercise ◽  
Cycle Training

Supercompensated muscle glycogen can be achieved by using several carbohydrate (CHO)-loading protocols. This study compared the effectiveness of two “modified” CHO-loading protocols. Additionally, we determined the effect of light cycle training on muscle glycogen. Subjects completed a depletion (D, n = 15) or nondepletion (ND, n = 10) CHO-loading protocol. After a 2-day adaptation period in a metabolic ward, the D group performed a 120-min cycle exercise at 65% peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2 peak) followed by 1-min sprints at 120% V̇o2 peak to exhaustion. The ND group performed only 20-min cycle exercise at 65% V̇o2 peak. For the next 6 days, both groups ate the same high-CHO diets and performed 20-min daily cycle exercise at 65% V̇o2 peak followed by a CHO beverage (105 g of CHO). Muscle glycogen concentrations of the vastus lateralis were measured daily with 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. On the morning of day 5, muscle glycogen concentrations had increased 1.45 (D) and 1.24 (ND) times baseline ( P < 0.001) but did not differ significantly between groups. However, on day 7, muscle glycogen of the D group was significantly greater ( p < 0.01) than that of the ND group (130 ± 7 vs. 104 ± 5 mmol/l). Daily cycle exercise decreased muscle glycogen by 10 ± 2 (D) and 14 ± 5 mmol/l (ND), but muscle glycogen was equal to or greater than preexercise values 24 h later. In conclusion, a CHO-loading protocol that begins with a glycogen-depleting exercise results in significantly greater muscle glycogen that persists longer than a CHO-loading protocol using only an exercise taper. Daily exercise at 65% V̇o2 peak for 20 min can be performed throughout the CHO-loading protocol without negatively affecting muscle glycogen supercompensation.

Dietary Strategies to Promote Glycogen Synthesis After Exercise

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. S236-S245 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Ivy
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Added Benefit ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
Dietary Strategies ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplement

Muscle glycogen is an essential fuel for prolonged intense exercise, and therefore it is important that the glycogen stores be copious for competition and strenuous training regimens. While early research focused on means of increasing the muscle glycogen stores in preparation for competition and its day-to-day replenishment, recent research has focused on the most effective means of promoting its replenishment during the early hours of recovery. It has been observed that muscle glycogen synthesis is twice as rapid if carbohydrate is consumed immediately after exercise as opposed to waiting several hours, and that a rapid rate of synthesis can be maintained if carbohydrate is consumed on a regular basis. For example, supplementing at 30-min intervals at a rate of 1.2 to 1.5 g CHO kg-1 body wt h-1 appears to maximize synthesis for a period of 4- to 5-h post exercise. If a lighter carbohydrate supplement is desired, however, glycogen synthesis can be enhanced with the addition of protein and certain amino acids. Furthermore, the combination of carbohydrate and protein has the added benefit of stimulating amino acid transport, protein synthesis and muscle tissue repair. Research suggests that aerobic peiformance following recovery is related to the degree of muscle glycogen replenishment.

Diurnal variation in skeletal muscle and liver glycogen in humans with normal health and Type 2 diabetes

2015 ◽  
Vol 128 (10) ◽  
pp. 707-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mavin Macauley ◽  
Fiona E Smith ◽  
Peter E Thelwall ◽  
Kieren G Hollingsworth ◽  
Roy Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Glycogen Concentration

In health, food carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in muscle and liver, preventing a deleterious rise in osmotically active plasma glucose after eating. Glycogen concentrations increase sequentially after each meal to peak in the evening, and fall to fasting levels thereafter. Skeletal muscle accounts for the larger part of this diurnal buffering capacity with liver also contributing. The effectiveness of this diurnal mechanism has not been previously studied in Type 2 diabetes. We have quantified the changes in muscle and liver glycogen concentration with 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3.0 T before and after three meals consumed at 4 h intervals. We studied 40 (25 males; 15 females) well-controlled Type 2 diabetes subjects on metformin only (HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin) 6.4±0.07% or 47±0.8 mmol/mol) and 14 (8 males; 6 females) glucose-tolerant controls matched for age, weight and body mass index (BMI). Muscle glycogen concentration increased by 17% after day-long eating in the control group (68.1±4.8 to 79.7±4.2 mmol/l; P=0.006), and this change inversely correlated with homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] (r=−0.56; P=0.02). There was no change in muscle glycogen in the Type 2 diabetes group after day-long eating (68.3±2.6 to 67.1±2.0 mmol/mol; P=0.62). Liver glycogen rose similarly in normal control (325.9±25.0 to 388.1±30.3 mmol/l; P=0.005) and Type 2 diabetes groups (296.1±16.0 to 350.5±6.7 mmol/l; P<0.0001). In early Type 2 diabetes, the major physiological mechanism for skeletal muscle postprandial glycogen storage is completely inactive. This is directly related to insulin resistance, although liver glycogen storage is normal.

Substrate usage during prolonged exercise following a preexercise meal

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Coyle ◽  
A. R. Coggan ◽  
M. K. Hemmert ◽  
R. C. Lowe ◽  
T. J. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Substrate Usage ◽  
Normal Increase ◽  
Transient Elevation

The effect of a high-carbohydrate meal 4 h before 105 min of exercise at 70% of maximal O2 uptake was determined in seven endurance-trained cyclists and compared with exercise following a 16-h fast. The preexercise meal produced a transient elevation of plasma insulin and blood glucose, which returned to fasting basal levels prior to the initiation of exercise. The meal also resulted in a 42% elevation (P less than 0.05) of glycogen within the vastus lateralis at the beginning of exercise. The 1st h of exercise when subjects were fed was characterized by a 13–25% decline (P less than 0.05) in blood glucose concentration, a suppression of the normal increase in plasma free fatty acids and blood glycerol, and a 45% (P less than 0.05) greater rate of carbohydrate oxidation compared with exercise when subjects were fasted. After 105 min of exercise, there were no significant differences when subjects were fed or fasted regarding blood glucose levels, rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or muscle glycogen concentration. The greater muscle glycogen utilization (97 +/- 18 vs. 64 +/- 8 mmol glucosyl units X kg-1; P less than 0.05) and carbohydrate oxidation when subjects were fed appeared to be derived from the glycogen synthesized following the meal. These results indicate that preexercise feedings alter substrate availability despite a return of plasma insulin to fasting levels prior to exercise and that these effects persist until the 2nd h of exercise.

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