Variation in the pteridine content in the heads of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae: Glossina Wiedemann): evidence for genetic control

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Mclntyre ◽  
R. H. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Eye Color Mutants ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

The pteridine content of the head capsule of teneral flies from 11 genetically selected lines (including eye-color mutants) of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and Glossina palpalis palpalis Robineau-Desvoidy was examined using fluorescence spectroscopy. Wild-type G. p. palpalis had a greater pteridine content than did wild-type G. m. morsitans. Within G. m. morsitans there was a 25% variation in fluorescence values between genetic lines. Wild-type G. p. palpalis had the same pteridine content as brick mutants but more than tan mutants; in G. m. morsitans the salmon mutants had a higher pteridine content than did wild-type flies. Pteridine content did not account for the difference in eye color between male and female brick mutants. Accumulation of pteridines was not influenced by genotype in young flies, but in older flies salmon mutants accumulated pteridines more rapidly than did wild-type flies. Young flies, both wild type and salmon, accumulated pteridines more rapidly than did old flies. The results of the analysis of head capsule fluorescence in males from the parental lines and F1 and F2 generations of reciprocal crosses of the G. m. morsitans lines with the highest and lowest pteridine contents revealed that genetic control of pteridine content lies on the X chromosome and on one autosome.

A method for determining the age of very young tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) and an investigation of the factors determining head fluorescent levels in newly emerged adults

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atway Msangi ◽  
M.J. Lehane
Keyword(s):  
Age Determination ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
New Age ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Linear Fashion ◽  
Minor Problem ◽  
Blood Meals

AbstractThe new age determination technique for tsetse flies based on the accumulation of fluorescent pigments in the head capsule has the minor problem that it is not possible to accurately identify very young flies. In this paper we describe a technique for the identification of very young Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood based on their high levels of abdominal fluorescence. Under our holding conditions these fall back in a linear fashion to a minimum at five days post-emergence. The variability in the levels of head fluorescence at eclosion is mainly influenced by the size of the emerging fly, with the number of blood meals taken by the female parent, and intra-uterine larval and puparial periods of the emerging flies also playing a part.

GENETICS OF GLOSSINA MORSITANS MORSITANS (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE): III. SALMON, A SEX-LINKED, MATERNALLY INFLUENCED, SEMI-LETHAL EYE COLOR MUTANT

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Normal Number ◽  
Color Mutant ◽  
Wild Type Female

AbstractA visible mutation with salmon-colored eyes was found in our colony of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood. The trait, designated salmon (sal), is a recessive controlled by an X-chromosome locus which is at least 36 map units from ocra. Adults emerged from less than 20% of the puparia obtained by mating females homozygous for salmon with the hemizygous salmon males; these flies have very pale eyes and die at an early age. The mutant is genetically rescuable since females homozygous for salmon mated with wild-type males produced the normal number of phenotypically wild-type female offspring and about 32% of the expected number of male offspring; the males have very pale eyes.

Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). VIII. Tryptophan oxygenase deficiency, the lesion causing salmon-colored eyes

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Gooding ◽  
B. M. Rolseth
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Tryptophan Oxygenase ◽  
Oxygenase Activity ◽  
Biochemical Lesion

Tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, with salmon-colored eyes had less xanthommatin in their heads than did wild-type flies. Wild-type adults excreted kynurenine but adults with salmon-colored eyes excreted tryptophan. Tryptophan oxygenase and kynurenine formamidase were found in pharate, wild-type adults removed from 24- to 27-day-old puparia and in postteneral wild-type adults. The latter enzyme, but not the former, was found in pharate and postteneral adults with salmon-colored eyes. Wild-type phenocopies were produced by administering formylkynurenine or kynurenine sulfate to pharate adults (which were genetically destined to have salmon-colored eyes) in 20- to 22-day-old puparia. The results are interpreted as indicating that the salmon allele sal, which is responsible for producing salmon-colored eyes in G. m. morsitans, causes a biochemical lesion resulting in an absence of tryptophan oxygenase activity.

Turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
W G Evans ◽  
R H Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Upwind Flight ◽  
Moist Heat ◽  
Heated Air

The roles and interactions of turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide in mediating upwind flight of adult tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) were investigated using a wind tunnel in a constant-environment chamber. Heat fluctuations in the plume that were detected by a thermocouple and displayed as oscilloscope traces allowed direct visualization of the structures of the plumes. Significantly more flies flew upwind when exposed to plumes of (i) carbon dioxide (0.0051% above background) and air (58% relative humidity) compared with air alone; (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air (35% relative humidity and temperature fluctuating up to 0.09°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and air; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist (82% relative humidity) heated air (temperature fluctuating up to 0.05°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and heated air. However, there were no significant differences in upwind flight of flies exposed to plumes of (i) air compared with humidified air (65% relative humidity); (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air compared with heated air alone; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist heated air compared with moist heated air alone. Recorded temperature fluctuations in heat plumes transported downwind from a tethered steer in a pasture showed patterns similar to those produced in the wind-tunnel plumes. These results suggest that host emissions of carbon dioxide alone and combined heat and moisture carried downwind by low-velocity winds elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies, which distinguish these emissions from a background of lower atmospheric levels.

Die fluoreszierenden Stoffe aus den Malpighischen-Gefäßen der Wildform und verschiedener Augenfarbenmutanten von Drosophila melanogaster

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Wessing ◽  
Dieter Eichelberg
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Eye Color Mutants

The Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster accumulate a great number of substances, many of which fluoresce. This paper is concerned with the identification of these substances by chromatography and their location by fluorescentmicroscopy (fig. 4, 5). It appears that they mainly belong to the following three groups: Pteridines, tryptophane and some of its metabolites, and riboflavine (tab. 1).The pattern of fluorescent substances of the eye color mutants cn, v, se, st, bw, ry, and w vary significantly. The patterns of these mutants are compared and discussed with that of the wild-type.

Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited trees

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Model Trees ◽  
Clear Effect

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe elucidated how trees might be enhanced as baits for controlling Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Catches from electrocuting devices at the bases of trees were near nil when sampling tsetse flies landing on the trunk but much greater when sampling them flying within 1 m of the trunk. Catches increased 5–8 times when 2 m2 of the trunk were blackened and given odour of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 4-methyl phenol, but were still only ca. 30% of the catches from an odour-baited, free-standing, 1 × 1 m screen of black cloth. The upright trunk of real and model trees hindered their attractiveness but leaves and branches 5 m above ground had no clear effect. Real and artificial stumps of trees were as effective as the screen if they were 1 m2, compact and sharply outlined. The practical and biological implications of the results are discussed, with particular reference to the use of insecticide-treated netting with modified tree stumps as baits for control.

Anterior midgut proteinase inhibitor from Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) and its effects upon tsetse digestive enzymes

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon G. Houseman
Keyword(s):  
Proteinase Inhibitor ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Trypsin Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Anterior Midgut

The anterior midgut of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood contains a proteinase inhibitor, molecular weight 5000 ± 2000daltons, stable to 1 M HCl, heat, and dialysis, but unstable to 1% trichloroacetic acid. Inhibitor activity is not associated with anticoagulant in the anterior midgut. The specific activity of the proteinase inhibitor is similar in mated and unmated females and greater than in male tsetse flies. Proteinase inhibitor inhibits proteinase VI and trypsin hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) but has no effect on proteinase VI hydrolysis of haemoglobin. Inhibition of trypsin hydrolysis of haemoglobin is noncompetitive. Proteinase inhibitor levels in the anterior midgut decreased immediately after feeding and then increased, reaching a maximum 60–100 h after ingestion of the bloodmeal. Postteneral flies contained higher levels of proteinase inhibitor than teneral individuals. Trypsin activity in gut homogenates of Phormia regina and Aedes aegypti was inhibited by the tsetse inhibitor. There was no detectable inhibition of bovine or Pterostichus adstrictus trypsin activity. Inhibition of Periplaneta americana trypsin occurred but was less than fly trypsin inhibition. The possible role of the inhibitor in terminating proteinase production is discussed.

scholarly journals Responses of Glossina pallidipes and Glossina morsitans morsitans tsetse flies to analogues of δ-octalactone and selected blends

Acta Tropica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benson M. Wachira ◽  
Paul O. Mireji ◽  
Sylvance Okoth ◽  
Margaret M. Ng’ang’a ◽  
Julius M. William ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans

scholarly journals Two Tsetse Fly Species, Glossina palpalis gambiensis and Glossina morsitans morsitans, Carry Genetically Distinct Populations of the Secondary Symbiont Sodalis glossinidius

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 8941-8943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Geiger ◽  
Gérard Cuny ◽  
Roger Frutos
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Palpalis Gambiensis ◽  
Sodalis Glossinidius ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

ABSTRACT Genetic diversity among Sodalis glossinidius populations was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Strains collected from Glossina palpalis gambiensis and Glossina morsitans morsitans flies group into separate clusters, being differentially structured. This differential structuring may reflect different host-related selection pressures and may be related to the different vector competences of Glossina spp.

The olfactory responses of tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), to phenols and urine in the field

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale ◽  
D. R. Hall ◽  
A. J. E. Gough
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Synthetic Mixture ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Naturally Occurring

AbstractIn Zimbabwe, catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen in traps baited with acetone and 1-octen-3-ol were increased by the addition of the synthetic mixture of eight phenols found in cattle urine to a level equal to or greater than those with natural urine. The addition of natural urine to the synthetic mixture did not increase catches further, indicating that the phenols account for essentially all the attractiveness of cattle urine. 4-Methylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol were shown to be the naturally-occurring components essential for attractiveness, and 2-methoxyphenol was found to reduce attractiveness. 4-Methylphenol alone was slightly attractive to both species, but only for males, increasing catches by approximately 30%. Catches of both species were increased by approximately 50% by 3-n-propylphenol. The addition of 4-methylphenol increased catches of G. pallidipes by up to a further four times, but catches of G. m. morsitans were decreased. Of 14 other phenols tested, phenol, 3-methylphenol and 4-ethylphenol increased the attractiveness of 3-n-propylphenol to G. pallidipes without decreasing the attractiveness to G. m. morsitans; (E)- and (Z)-3-(1-propenyl)phenol, potential contaminants in 3-n- propylphenol, did not reduce the attractiveness of mixtures of 3-n-propylphenol and 4-methylphenol, and the E and, to a lesser extent, the Z isomer could substitute for 3-n-pro-pylphenol in these mixtures. Mixtures of phenols which increased the attractiveness of traps to tsetse showed similar effects with targets but at a slightly reduced level.

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