Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). VIII. Tryptophan oxygenase deficiency, the lesion causing salmon-colored eyes

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Gooding ◽  
B. M. Rolseth
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Tryptophan Oxygenase ◽  
Oxygenase Activity ◽  
Biochemical Lesion

Tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, with salmon-colored eyes had less xanthommatin in their heads than did wild-type flies. Wild-type adults excreted kynurenine but adults with salmon-colored eyes excreted tryptophan. Tryptophan oxygenase and kynurenine formamidase were found in pharate, wild-type adults removed from 24- to 27-day-old puparia and in postteneral wild-type adults. The latter enzyme, but not the former, was found in pharate and postteneral adults with salmon-colored eyes. Wild-type phenocopies were produced by administering formylkynurenine or kynurenine sulfate to pharate adults (which were genetically destined to have salmon-colored eyes) in 20- to 22-day-old puparia. The results are interpreted as indicating that the salmon allele sal, which is responsible for producing salmon-colored eyes in G. m. morsitans, causes a biochemical lesion resulting in an absence of tryptophan oxygenase activity.

Variation in the pteridine content in the heads of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae: Glossina Wiedemann): evidence for genetic control

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Mclntyre ◽  
R. H. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Eye Color Mutants ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

The pteridine content of the head capsule of teneral flies from 11 genetically selected lines (including eye-color mutants) of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and Glossina palpalis palpalis Robineau-Desvoidy was examined using fluorescence spectroscopy. Wild-type G. p. palpalis had a greater pteridine content than did wild-type G. m. morsitans. Within G. m. morsitans there was a 25% variation in fluorescence values between genetic lines. Wild-type G. p. palpalis had the same pteridine content as brick mutants but more than tan mutants; in G. m. morsitans the salmon mutants had a higher pteridine content than did wild-type flies. Pteridine content did not account for the difference in eye color between male and female brick mutants. Accumulation of pteridines was not influenced by genotype in young flies, but in older flies salmon mutants accumulated pteridines more rapidly than did wild-type flies. Young flies, both wild type and salmon, accumulated pteridines more rapidly than did old flies. The results of the analysis of head capsule fluorescence in males from the parental lines and F1 and F2 generations of reciprocal crosses of the G. m. morsitans lines with the highest and lowest pteridine contents revealed that genetic control of pteridine content lies on the X chromosome and on one autosome.

Turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
W G Evans ◽  
R H Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Upwind Flight ◽  
Moist Heat ◽  
Heated Air

The roles and interactions of turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide in mediating upwind flight of adult tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) were investigated using a wind tunnel in a constant-environment chamber. Heat fluctuations in the plume that were detected by a thermocouple and displayed as oscilloscope traces allowed direct visualization of the structures of the plumes. Significantly more flies flew upwind when exposed to plumes of (i) carbon dioxide (0.0051% above background) and air (58% relative humidity) compared with air alone; (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air (35% relative humidity and temperature fluctuating up to 0.09°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and air; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist (82% relative humidity) heated air (temperature fluctuating up to 0.05°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and heated air. However, there were no significant differences in upwind flight of flies exposed to plumes of (i) air compared with humidified air (65% relative humidity); (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air compared with heated air alone; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist heated air compared with moist heated air alone. Recorded temperature fluctuations in heat plumes transported downwind from a tethered steer in a pasture showed patterns similar to those produced in the wind-tunnel plumes. These results suggest that host emissions of carbon dioxide alone and combined heat and moisture carried downwind by low-velocity winds elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies, which distinguish these emissions from a background of lower atmospheric levels.

Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited trees

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Model Trees ◽  
Clear Effect

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe elucidated how trees might be enhanced as baits for controlling Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Catches from electrocuting devices at the bases of trees were near nil when sampling tsetse flies landing on the trunk but much greater when sampling them flying within 1 m of the trunk. Catches increased 5–8 times when 2 m2 of the trunk were blackened and given odour of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 4-methyl phenol, but were still only ca. 30% of the catches from an odour-baited, free-standing, 1 × 1 m screen of black cloth. The upright trunk of real and model trees hindered their attractiveness but leaves and branches 5 m above ground had no clear effect. Real and artificial stumps of trees were as effective as the screen if they were 1 m2, compact and sharply outlined. The practical and biological implications of the results are discussed, with particular reference to the use of insecticide-treated netting with modified tree stumps as baits for control.

Anterior midgut proteinase inhibitor from Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) and its effects upon tsetse digestive enzymes

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon G. Houseman
Keyword(s):  
Proteinase Inhibitor ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Trypsin Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Anterior Midgut

The anterior midgut of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood contains a proteinase inhibitor, molecular weight 5000 ± 2000daltons, stable to 1 M HCl, heat, and dialysis, but unstable to 1% trichloroacetic acid. Inhibitor activity is not associated with anticoagulant in the anterior midgut. The specific activity of the proteinase inhibitor is similar in mated and unmated females and greater than in male tsetse flies. Proteinase inhibitor inhibits proteinase VI and trypsin hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) but has no effect on proteinase VI hydrolysis of haemoglobin. Inhibition of trypsin hydrolysis of haemoglobin is noncompetitive. Proteinase inhibitor levels in the anterior midgut decreased immediately after feeding and then increased, reaching a maximum 60–100 h after ingestion of the bloodmeal. Postteneral flies contained higher levels of proteinase inhibitor than teneral individuals. Trypsin activity in gut homogenates of Phormia regina and Aedes aegypti was inhibited by the tsetse inhibitor. There was no detectable inhibition of bovine or Pterostichus adstrictus trypsin activity. Inhibition of Periplaneta americana trypsin occurred but was less than fly trypsin inhibition. The possible role of the inhibitor in terminating proteinase production is discussed.

scholarly journals Responses of Glossina pallidipes and Glossina morsitans morsitans tsetse flies to analogues of δ-octalactone and selected blends

Acta Tropica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benson M. Wachira ◽  
Paul O. Mireji ◽  
Sylvance Okoth ◽  
Margaret M. Ng’ang’a ◽  
Julius M. William ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans

The olfactory responses of tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), to phenols and urine in the field

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale ◽  
D. R. Hall ◽  
A. J. E. Gough
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Synthetic Mixture ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Naturally Occurring

AbstractIn Zimbabwe, catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen in traps baited with acetone and 1-octen-3-ol were increased by the addition of the synthetic mixture of eight phenols found in cattle urine to a level equal to or greater than those with natural urine. The addition of natural urine to the synthetic mixture did not increase catches further, indicating that the phenols account for essentially all the attractiveness of cattle urine. 4-Methylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol were shown to be the naturally-occurring components essential for attractiveness, and 2-methoxyphenol was found to reduce attractiveness. 4-Methylphenol alone was slightly attractive to both species, but only for males, increasing catches by approximately 30%. Catches of both species were increased by approximately 50% by 3-n-propylphenol. The addition of 4-methylphenol increased catches of G. pallidipes by up to a further four times, but catches of G. m. morsitans were decreased. Of 14 other phenols tested, phenol, 3-methylphenol and 4-ethylphenol increased the attractiveness of 3-n-propylphenol to G. pallidipes without decreasing the attractiveness to G. m. morsitans; (E)- and (Z)-3-(1-propenyl)phenol, potential contaminants in 3-n- propylphenol, did not reduce the attractiveness of mixtures of 3-n-propylphenol and 4-methylphenol, and the E and, to a lesser extent, the Z isomer could substitute for 3-n-pro-pylphenol in these mixtures. Mixtures of phenols which increased the attractiveness of traps to tsetse showed similar effects with targets but at a slightly reduced level.

An effect of host diet on the attraction of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to host odour

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
Visual Targets

AbstractIn Zimbabwe, field studies were made of the extent to which catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. from stationary visual targets plus ox odour were changed by maintaining the ox on normal, starving or fattening diets. A fattening diet after a week of starvation often produced a several-fold increase in catches in a few days, followed by a declining catch associated with lack of appetite, and a further increase in catch when appetite was restored. Carbon dioxide and acetone emitted by the oxen could not account fully for the level and variations of catches.

Integration of insect sterility and insecticides for control of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania. III. Test site characteristics and the natural distribution of tsetse flies

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Gates ◽  
P. E. Cobb ◽  
D. L. Williamson ◽  
B. Bakuli ◽  
D. A. Dame ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Release Site ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Male Density ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
North Eastern

AbstractDetailed data from a preselected release site in Tanzania were collected preparatory to testing the insect sterility concept against Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. The site was at Mkwaja Ranch, a north-eastern coastal cattle-ranching enterprise, in which about 195 km2 was encompassed by a 1-km-wide fly barrier constructed at an average cost of $37/ha. Weekly surveys of flyround transects spaced 1 km apart were conducted over a 14-month period. The estimated male density of G. m. morsitans in the release site was about 630/km2 and for G. pallidipes Aust., 255/km2. The only other species of tsetse found was G. brevipalpis Newst., which was restricted to drainage areas during periods of low rainfall.

The improvement of traps for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Biconical Trap ◽  
Probability Of Capture

AbstractBased on previous studies of the trap-orientated behaviour of Diptera, a variety of new traps was designed to maximise the speed and probability of capturing Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. arriving near traps, and to minimise the probability of capturing other flies. In Zimbabwe, catches were made with these traps in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide and acetone as odour attractants, leading to the identification of a simple trap for which the probability of capturing Glossina spp. was up to twice as great as it was for a standard biconi-cal trap, and for which the probability of capturing other Diptera was very much less than it was for the biconical trap. The probability of capture by the simple trap was 100% for G. pallidipes, 51% for G. m. morsitans, 6% for Stomoxyinae and 1% for non-biting Muscidae. Half the tsetse that arrived near the simple trap were captured within 5 min of arrival. The number of tsetse that contacted simple targets designed to expose flies to insecticide amounted to 32–263% of the catches of a biconical trap. The use of traps and targets for tsetse control, and the procedures for trap improvement, are discussed.

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