Turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
W G Evans ◽  
R H Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Upwind Flight ◽  
Moist Heat ◽  
Heated Air

The roles and interactions of turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide in mediating upwind flight of adult tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) were investigated using a wind tunnel in a constant-environment chamber. Heat fluctuations in the plume that were detected by a thermocouple and displayed as oscilloscope traces allowed direct visualization of the structures of the plumes. Significantly more flies flew upwind when exposed to plumes of (i) carbon dioxide (0.0051% above background) and air (58% relative humidity) compared with air alone; (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air (35% relative humidity and temperature fluctuating up to 0.09°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and air; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist (82% relative humidity) heated air (temperature fluctuating up to 0.05°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and heated air. However, there were no significant differences in upwind flight of flies exposed to plumes of (i) air compared with humidified air (65% relative humidity); (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air compared with heated air alone; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist heated air compared with moist heated air alone. Recorded temperature fluctuations in heat plumes transported downwind from a tethered steer in a pasture showed patterns similar to those produced in the wind-tunnel plumes. These results suggest that host emissions of carbon dioxide alone and combined heat and moisture carried downwind by low-velocity winds elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies, which distinguish these emissions from a background of lower atmospheric levels.

Identification of components of cattle urine attractive to tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bursell ◽  
A. J. E. Gough ◽  
P. S. Beevor ◽  
A. Cork ◽  
D. R. Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Upwind Flight ◽  
Phenol Derivatives ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Phenolic Components ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractThe attractiveness of cattle urine to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen was shown to be entirely attributable to the phenolic components which it contains. Four of the eight naturally occurring phenol derivatives (3- and 4-methylphenol, 3-ethylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol) were electroantennographically active, induced upwind flight in wind-tunnel bioassays and increased trap catches in field tests in Zimbabwe. One of the minor components, 2-methoxyphenol, had little antennographic activity but induced upwind flight in the wind-tunnel and appeared to be repellent in field tests.

An effect of host diet on the attraction of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to host odour

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
Visual Targets

AbstractIn Zimbabwe, field studies were made of the extent to which catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. from stationary visual targets plus ox odour were changed by maintaining the ox on normal, starving or fattening diets. A fattening diet after a week of starvation often produced a several-fold increase in catches in a few days, followed by a declining catch associated with lack of appetite, and a further increase in catch when appetite was restored. Carbon dioxide and acetone emitted by the oxen could not account fully for the level and variations of catches.

The improvement of traps for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Biconical Trap ◽  
Probability Of Capture

AbstractBased on previous studies of the trap-orientated behaviour of Diptera, a variety of new traps was designed to maximise the speed and probability of capturing Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. arriving near traps, and to minimise the probability of capturing other flies. In Zimbabwe, catches were made with these traps in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide and acetone as odour attractants, leading to the identification of a simple trap for which the probability of capturing Glossina spp. was up to twice as great as it was for a standard biconi-cal trap, and for which the probability of capturing other Diptera was very much less than it was for the biconical trap. The probability of capture by the simple trap was 100% for G. pallidipes, 51% for G. m. morsitans, 6% for Stomoxyinae and 1% for non-biting Muscidae. Half the tsetse that arrived near the simple trap were captured within 5 min of arrival. The number of tsetse that contacted simple targets designed to expose flies to insecticide amounted to 32–263% of the catches of a biconical trap. The use of traps and targets for tsetse control, and the procedures for trap improvement, are discussed.

The use of 1-octen-3-ol, acetone and carbon dioxide to improve baits for tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale ◽  
D. R. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans

AbstractIn Zimbabwe, the catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen in traps were increased by up to three times by releasing 1-octen-3-ol at 0·05–50 mg/h or acetone at 5–5000mg/h near traps, but in some circumstances 1-octen-3-ol at 5–50 mg/h reduced catches. Carbon dioxide at 0·02–20 litres/min increased catches by up to ten times. A mixture of all three chemicals increased the catches by up to 60 times. Each of the three chemicals attracted both species of flies from a distance; carbon dioxide also enhanced trap-entering and alighting responses. Acetone with 1-octen-3-ol can increase by several times the numbers of flies that contact visual baits suitable for exposing them to insecticide. Data for other Diptera are also presented.

Prospects for autosterilisation of tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), using sex pheromone and bisazir in the field

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Langley ◽  
T. W. Coates ◽  
D. A. Carlson ◽  
G. A. Vale ◽  
J. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Stationary Model ◽  
Duration Of Copulation ◽  
Hot Dry Season

AbstractIn the presence of the odour of carbon dioxide and acetone, an electrified net adjacent to a stationary cylindrical black model in the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe, in the hot dry season caught more adults of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. than in the absence of odour. In the absence of odour, a moving model attracted more G. m. morsitans males than did a stationary model. Between 20 and 50% of males of G. m. morsitans but only 0 to 12% of males of G. pallidipes near a model were caught by electrified decoys (surrogate females) on the model. Hidden observers recorded the numbers of flies copulating with decoys baited with pheromone or pheromone plus bisazir (P, P-bis(1-aziridinyl)-N-methylphosphinothioic amide) on a stationary model with odour between 16.00 and 19.00 h daily. Males of G. m. morsitans contacted the decoys with much greater frequency than did males of G. pallidipes although the latter species was the more abundant. The numbers of copulatory attempts by G. m. morsitans males during each 10 min suggested that changes were a function of the total numbers of flies attracted to the model. At all times of the day, the average duration of copulation was 37–40 s. However, approximately 50% of responses were of 10 s duration or less and fewer than 10% endured for longer than 3 min. The presence of bisazir on the decoys did not influence the response duration or the total numbers of flies responding. A comparison with laboratory data suggested that further refinement of technique will allow pheromone-baited decoys to be used in the autosterilisation of G. m. morsitans males with bisazir in the field.

Field responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odours of men, lactic acid and carbon dioxide

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Human Breath ◽  
Odour Source ◽  
Body Odour

AbstractThe numbers of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. attracted to odour at a distance were studied by catches in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia from an electrocuting net near a stationary odour source. Also, the numbers of flies attracted to an ox and the proportion of flies engorging on it when it was sprayed with L-lactic acid were assessed from the numbers of fed and unfed flies caught by a pair of nets around the penned bait. The body odour of men depressed by up to four-fifths the numbers attracted to ox odour from a distance. Lactic acid, which was shown to occur on human skin, produced a similar effect, and when sprayed on an ox it reduced by about half the proportion of attracted flies that engorged. Human breath was mildly attractive, due largely or entirely to its content of carbon dioxide.

The role of 1-octen-3-ol, acetone and carbon dioxide in the attraction of tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), to ox odour

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale ◽  
D. R. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Charcoal Filter ◽  
Zambezi Valley ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

AbstractIn the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe, the numbers of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen electrocuted on grids placed across their flight paths as they arrived at various natural and synthetic odour sources demonstrated that ox odour comprises two broad fractions of attractants. One fraction can be trapped by a charcoal filter and, in part, consists of 1-octen-3-ol. A more volatile fraction passes through the filter and, in part, consists of carbon dioxide and acetone. Levels of acetone and 1-octen-3-ol in ox odour varied considerably, up to maxima of 24 mg/h and 0·025 mg/h, respectively. Catches were roughly doubled when octenol at 0·5 mg/h was added to ox odour, but declined when the dose was increased to 50–500 mg/h. A synthetic odour consisting of 2 litres of carbon dioxide/mm, 5 mg of acetone/h and 0·05 mg of 1-octen-3-ol/h, was nearly as effective as ox odour for G. m. morsitans but only half as effective as ox odour for G. pallidipes. Increases to the doses of each attractant in the synthetic odour increased the catches, to roughly double those with ox odour. Data for other Diptera are also presented.

Field studies of the responses of tsetse flies (Glossinidae) and other Diptera to carbon dioxide, acetone and other chemicals

1980 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Biconical Traps ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractIn studies in the Zambesi Valley, Zimbabwe, carbon dioxide alone dispensed at 2·5 to 15 litres/min, or acetone alone dispensed at 0·3 to 300 g·h, increased by up to six times the catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw, and G. pallidipes Aust. from stationary biconical traps, stationary electrocuting traps used with and without a visual target, and a mobile party of hand-net catchers. Catches were increased further when the chemicals were dispensed together. Carbon dioxide at 2·5 litres/min plus acetone at 15 g/h was about half as effective as ox odour for enhancing the catches from an electrocuting trap plus target; the efficacy of carbon dioxide at 15 litres/min plus acetone at 300 g/h was not significantly different from that of ox odour. Several short-chain ketones, and also formaldehyde and propionaldehyde, were attractive. Several long-chain ketones, and also heptaldehyde and caproic acid, were repellent. Carbon dioxide was attractive for Tabanidae, Stomoxyinae and non-biting Muscidae. Acetic acid was repellent for Stomoxyinae and non-biting Muscidae.

Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited trees

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Model Trees ◽  
Clear Effect

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe elucidated how trees might be enhanced as baits for controlling Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Catches from electrocuting devices at the bases of trees were near nil when sampling tsetse flies landing on the trunk but much greater when sampling them flying within 1 m of the trunk. Catches increased 5–8 times when 2 m2 of the trunk were blackened and given odour of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 4-methyl phenol, but were still only ca. 30% of the catches from an odour-baited, free-standing, 1 × 1 m screen of black cloth. The upright trunk of real and model trees hindered their attractiveness but leaves and branches 5 m above ground had no clear effect. Real and artificial stumps of trees were as effective as the screen if they were 1 m2, compact and sharply outlined. The practical and biological implications of the results are discussed, with particular reference to the use of insecticide-treated netting with modified tree stumps as baits for control.

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