On the developmental pathway to nonanadromy in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J. Foote ◽  
Ian Mayer ◽  
Chris C. Wood ◽  
W. Craig Clarke ◽  
J. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Developmental Pathway ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Recent Gene Flow ◽  
And Migration

The evolution of nonanadromous forms of salmonids has been linked to adaptive similarities between migration to the sea and migration to lakes, and to inhibition of smoltification by rapid development rates and early maturation. We examined the seasonal cycle of seawater adaptability in a landlocked (10 000 years) population of kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka, to determine if the typical anadromous cycle persists in the absence of recent gene flow from sockeye salmon, as would be expected if components of smoltification are beneficial to a lacustrine existence. We also monitored the effects of maturation on seawater adaptability, to determine if they had an inhibitory effect on smoltification, as would be expected if a developmental conflict was responsible for the evolution of nonanadromous forms. Maturation was measured through the growth of gonadal tissue and the increase in circulating testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone. Landlocked kokanee showed the seawater adaptability cycle typical of sockeye salmon, and maturation had no inhibitory effect on seawater adaptability until near, or at, full maturity. We conclude that at least some components of smoltification must be beneficial to a life in lakes to account for the continued maintenance of the cycle. Further, rapid development and maturation on their own do not appear to account for the evolution of nonanadromous populations of O. nerka.

Intact genetic structure and high levels of genetic diversity in bottlenecked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations of the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1985-1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth E Withler ◽  
Khai D Le ◽  
R John Nelson ◽  
Kristina M Miller ◽  
Terry D Beacham
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Rare Alleles ◽  
Genetic Bottlenecks

Analysis of six microsatellite loci in 5800 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from 29 Fraser River populations provided little evidence of genetic bottlenecks or mass straying in upper Fraser sockeye salmon resulting from reduced abundances following 1913-1914 rockslides in the Fraser canyon and successive decades of high exploitation. Upper Fraser populations were not characterized by a paucity of rare alleles, a sensitive indicator of populations in which effective size has been recently reduced. Heterozygosity and allelic diversity did not differ consistently between lower and upper Fraser populations. Throughout the watershed, early-migrating populations had lower allelic diversity and a lower proportion of rare alleles than did late-migrating ones. Genetic differentiation between upper and lower Fraser populations and heterogeneity among lower Fraser populations supported the suggestion that Fraser sockeye salmon are descendants of at least two postglacial "races." Variation among lakes within regions was the strongest component of genetic structure, accounting for five times the variation among populations within lakes and more than two times the variation among regions. Extensive historical transplants of eggs and juveniles apparently resulted in lit tle gene flow among regions, but three populations were reestablished or rebuilt as the result of more recent transplants.

Limited behavioural thermoregulation by adult upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 480-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Donaldson ◽  
S. J. Cooke ◽  
D. A. Patterson ◽  
S. G. Hinch ◽  
D. Robichaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Radio Telemetry ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
And Migration

The objective of this study was to combine radio telemetry with individual thermal loggers to assess the extent to which adult migrating sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)) behaviourally thermoregulate during their migration through the Fraser River mainstem, British Columbia. The Fraser mainstem represents a region of the migration route that contains some of the highest mean temperatures encountered by sockeye salmon during their life history. We found that throughout the study area, individual sockeye salmon body temperatures occasionally deviated from ambient temperatures (ΔT), yet individuals maintained a ΔT of –1 °C or cooler for only 5% of their migration through the study region. There were moderate mean deviations of ΔT in two segments that are known to contain thermally stratified waters. In one of the study segments with the greatest ΔT, mean body temperatures decreased as river temperatures increased and ΔT became increasingly positive with higher river discharge rates, but these relationships were not observed in any of the other study segments. No relationship existed between ΔT and migration rate. While periodic associations with cool water were evident, mean body temperatures were not significantly different than mean river temperatures throughout the lower Fraser mainstem. This finding raises further conservation concerns for vulnerable Fraser River sockeye stocks that are predicted to encounter increasing peak summer river temperatures in the coming decades.

scholarly journals Inter-Annual, Stock-Specific Distribution and Migration of Juvenile Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from 1997–2017

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Erika Anderson ◽  
Jackie King ◽  
Chrys Neville ◽  
Strahan Tucker ◽  
Terry Beacham
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
And Migration

scholarly journals Migration and survival of Okanagan River Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, 2012–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Murauskas ◽  
Kim Hyatt ◽  
Jeff Fryer ◽  
Elliot Koontz ◽  
Skyeler Folks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Background Okanagan River Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (Okanagan Sockeye) are one of two remaining self-sustaining Sockeye Salmon populations in the Columbia River Basin. We used detection histories of smolts implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags between 2012 and 2019 to estimate survival and behavioral metrics during reintroduction efforts and changing environmental conditions over the monitoring period. Results Smolts migrating to McNary Dam, whose route includes 130 km of the Okanagan River and 388 km of the Columbia River, generally had high survival (mean of 87.0% per 100 km) and fast migration speeds (up to 50 km/day) relative to other salmonids in the region. Smolt-to-adult returns (SARs) ranged from 0.4 to 6.1% and were greater for fish originating from Skaha Lake compared to cohorts tagged in Osoyoos Lake. Most adults returned after 2 years in the ocean (69%), followed by jacks (27%), and adults that spent 3 years at sea (4%), though Skaha Lake adults had a significantly younger age structure than cohorts from Osoyoos Lake. Survival of adults from Bonneville Dam (rkm 235) upstream to Wells Dam (rkm 830) was generally high (80–92%), and migration speed decreased in upstream reaches. Survival from Wells Dam to the Okanagan River was only estimable in 2018, where 64% of adults survived to the spawning grounds. The upstream migration of adult Okanagan Sockeye was significantly compromised during the drought of 2015 when less than 5% of Okanagan Sockeye that returned to the Columbia River reached spawning grounds. Conclusions Our results indicate that Okanagan Sockeye have exceptional survival and migratory ability relative to other salmonids, though poor ocean conditions combined with warming water temperatures in freshwater habitats in recent years have the potential to devastate the population. The success of reintroduction efforts to increase spatial structure and diversity of Okanagan Sockeye is, therefore, critical to maintaining the population in years to come.

Swim speeds and energy use of upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): role of local environment and fish characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1821-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Peter S Rand
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Unit Distance ◽  
River Temperature ◽  
Gravel Bar ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Costs

We used electromyogram (EMG) radiotelemetry to assess swimming activity (e.g., swim speeds), behaviour, and migration speeds (e.g., ground speeds) of individual adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) migrating through several reaches of the Fraser and Nechako rivers in British Columbia. Using a laboratory swim flume and volitionally swimming adult fish carrying EMG transmitters, we developed relationships between EMG pulse intervals and swim speeds. A bioenergetics model was used to estimate reach-specific energy use per metre for each individual based on the average swim speed, migration time, body size, and river temperature. Migration was most energetically efficient (i.e., migration costs per unit distance traveled were relatively low) for females compared with males, large males compared with small males, and 1995 males compared with 1993 males. In all three cases, differences in swim speed patterns were primarily responsible for differences in energy use. For both sexes and in both years, migrations through reaches that contained a constriction (caused by an island, gravel bar, or large rock outcropping) were energetically inefficient compared with that through reaches with no constrictions. The high energetic costs at constrictions seem to result from long travel times probably caused by turbulent flow patterns that may generate confusing migrational cues.

Effect of Metopirone on Pituitary–Interrenal Function in Two Teleosts, Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1465-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf H. M. Fagerlund ◽  
J. R. McBride ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Marked Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Interrenal Cells ◽  
Rostral Region ◽  
Low Dosage

Metopirone (SU 4885), an inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylation of adrenocorticosteroids, was administered intramuscularly to adult castrated sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and intact rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Marked hypertrophy of interrenal cells pointed to an increase in the activity of the interrenal tissue of both species. Increased cortisol concentrations in trout at low dosage levels of metopirone suggested that the drug was stressful. However, decreased concentrations at higher dosage levels in trout, and decreased cortisol concentrations in all salmon indicated that the drug was also exerting a marked inhibitory effect on 11β-hydroxylation. In salmon, a repository ACTH preparation (acthar) brought about interrenal hypertrophy similar to that produced by metopirone. Metopirone also induced degranulation and hyperplasia of the cells of the palisade-like layer in the rostral region of the pars distalis in both species of fish. These cells were the only cell type of the pars distalis that were stained with lead-haematoxylin. The evidence indicates that they are the corticotrops.

Biochemical Genetic Comparison of Sockeye Salmon and Kokanee, the Anadromous and Nonanadromous forms of Oncorhynchus nerka

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J. Foote ◽  
Chris C. Wood ◽  
Ruth E. Withler
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Sympatric Forms ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Lake Systems ◽  
Genetic Characters ◽  
Genetic Comparison

Twenty-three anadromous (sockeye salmon) and nonanadromous (kokanee) Oncorhynchus nerka populations were sampled from throughout British Columbia and examined electrophoretically at three to five polymorphic loci to test whether the forms represent distinct genetic lineages or whether they are polyphyletic. Sockeye and kokanee which spawn sympatrically in three different lake systems were also examined to determine whether the two forms belong to a single panmictic population. Our results support the hypothesis that sockeye and kokanee are polyphyletic. No genetic characters were found by which the forms could be separated consistently. Greater differences exist among O. nerka populations from different drainages than between sockeye and kokanee forms. Sympatric sockeye and kokanee were significantly different in all systems examined, demonstrating that genetic differences can persist in the absence of geographic barriers to gene flow. While sympatric sockeye and kokanee were genetically divergent, they showed greater genetic similarity to one another (in allele frequency and/or allele types) than they did to their own forms in neighbouring lakes. We argue that this genetic similarity between sympatric forms is the result of sympatric divergence of sockeye and kokanee.

Circannual Cycle of Seawater Adaptability in Oncorhynchus nerka: Genetic Differences between Sympatric Sockeye Salmon and Kokanee

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J. Foote ◽  
Chris C. Wood ◽  
W. Craig Clarke ◽  
John Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Reciprocal Hybrids ◽  
Second Year

Anadromous sockeye salmon and nonanadromous kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawn sympatrically in locations across British Columbia, yet remain genetically distinct. To investigate the possibility that these differences are maintained by selection against hybrids of the two forms owing to differences in seawater adaptability, we raised pure and reciprocal crosses of Shuswap River sockeye and kokanee in controlled hatchery conditions and tested their seawater adaptabilities nine times over 2 yr. Sockeye, kokanee, and reciprocal hybrids all showed a seasonal cycle in their seawater adaptability, which was lowest in midwinter and highest in the spring. However, clear differences were evident among cross-types in the spring of their second year. Sockeye were the first to show increased seawater adaptabilities, hybrid groups next, and kokanee last. The observed differences could not be attributed to tank effects, or to differences in size, sex, or state of maturity.

Hypertrophy of the Interrenal Tissue in Sexually Maturing Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and the Effect of Gonadectomy

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2975-2985 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McBride ◽  
A. P. van Overbeeke
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Mature Fish ◽  
Sexually Mature

Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) develop marked hypertrophy of the interrenal tissue during the period of sexual maturation and spawning. No differences were found between fish held in captivity and those that matured in their natural habitat. Feeding appeared to have an inhibitory effect, but did not prevent the hypertrophy. Gonadectomy of sexually mature fish resulted in a rapid involution of the hyperplastic interrenal tissue. On the other hand, gonadectomy, when performed in an early stage of sexual maturity, prevented the development of interrenal hypertrophy. The interrenal hyperplasia was not accompanied by apparent changes in the ACTH cells of the pituitary gland. Gonadectomy, however, led to increased affinity of these cells for lead-hematoxylin, but this effect did not take place until after interrenal involution had commenced. The results are discussed and it is concluded that the hypertrophy of the interrenal at this time is caused by gonadal hormones, which may act directly on the adrenal homologue without mediation by the pituitary gland.

scholarly journals Application of Furcellaran Nanocomposite Film as Packaging of Cheese

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1428
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Pluta-Kubica ◽  
Ewelina Jamróz ◽  
Gohar Khachatryan ◽  
Adam Florkiewicz ◽  
Pavel Kopel
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Nanocomposite Film ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
In Situ Method ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Total Bacteria

There is a serious need to develop and test new biodegradable packaging which could at least partially replace petroleum-based materials. Therefore, the objective of this work was to examine the influence of the recently developed furcellaran nanocomposite film with silver nanoparticles (obtained by an in situ method) on the quality properties of two cheese varieties: a rennet-curd (gouda) and an acid-curd (quark) cheese. The water content, physicochemical properties, microbiological and organoleptic quality of cheese, and migration of silver nanoparticles were examined. Both the number of Lactococcus and total bacteria count did not differ during storage of gouda regardless of the packaging applied. The number of Lactococcus decreased in analogous quark samples. The use of the film slowed down and inhibited the growth of yeast in gouda and quark, respectively. An inhibitory effect of this film on mold count was also observed; however, only regarding gouda. The level of silver migration was found to be lower in quark than in gouda. The film improved the microbiological quality of cheeses during storage. Consequently, it is worth continuing research for the improvement of this film in order to enable its use in everyday life.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document