Swim speeds and energy use of upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): role of local environment and fish characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1821-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Peter S Rand
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Unit Distance ◽  
River Temperature ◽  
Gravel Bar ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Costs

We used electromyogram (EMG) radiotelemetry to assess swimming activity (e.g., swim speeds), behaviour, and migration speeds (e.g., ground speeds) of individual adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) migrating through several reaches of the Fraser and Nechako rivers in British Columbia. Using a laboratory swim flume and volitionally swimming adult fish carrying EMG transmitters, we developed relationships between EMG pulse intervals and swim speeds. A bioenergetics model was used to estimate reach-specific energy use per metre for each individual based on the average swim speed, migration time, body size, and river temperature. Migration was most energetically efficient (i.e., migration costs per unit distance traveled were relatively low) for females compared with males, large males compared with small males, and 1995 males compared with 1993 males. In all three cases, differences in swim speed patterns were primarily responsible for differences in energy use. For both sexes and in both years, migrations through reaches that contained a constriction (caused by an island, gravel bar, or large rock outcropping) were energetically inefficient compared with that through reaches with no constrictions. The high energetic costs at constrictions seem to result from long travel times probably caused by turbulent flow patterns that may generate confusing migrational cues.

High river temperature reduces survival of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) approaching spawning grounds and exacerbates female mortality

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo G. Martins ◽  
Scott G. Hinch ◽  
David A. Patterson ◽  
Merran J. Hague ◽  
Steven J. Cooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Female Mortality ◽  
River Section ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
River Temperature ◽  
Related Mortality

Recent studies have shown that warm temperatures reduce survival of adult migrating sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ), but knowledge gaps exist on where high-temperature-related mortality occurs along the migration and whether females and males are differentially impacted by river temperature. In this study, we monitored 437 radio-tagged Fraser River sockeye salmon and used capture–mark–recapture modelling approaches to investigate whether river thermal conditions differentially influence (i) spatial patterns of survival along a 413-km stretch of migration and (ii) survival of the sexes. Regardless of water temperature, survival decreased in the river section containing the most hydraulically difficult passages of the migration. However, when water temperature was warm (19 °C), survival decreased even further in the final 186 km of the migration prior to reaching the spawning grounds, particularly in females. Female and male survival differed but only when they experienced warm river temperatures. Under such conditions, the overall freshwater migration survival of males was 1.6 times higher (0.79 ± 0.09 standard error, SE) than that of females (0.50 ± 0.11 SE). As maturing female sockeye salmon maintain higher levels of plasma cortisol compared with males, we suspect that females could be immuno-compromised and thus less resistant to pathogens whose rates of development are accelerated by warm temperatures.

Role of Environment and Stock on the Elemental Composition of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Vertebrae

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1206-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Behrens Yamada ◽  
T. J. Mulligan ◽  
D. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Environmental Component ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Individual spawning populations, or stocks, of salmon differ in the elemental composition of their scales and bone. These stock-specific differences have a pronounced environmental component, since elevated concentrations of certain elements in fish tissue can be induced by feeding hatchery fish food enriched in these elements. This study tests the hypothesis that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the stock-specific elemental composition of salmon vertebrae. Four stocks of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were raised under identical conditions and each stock was subjected to four environmental treatments. The elemental composition of the vertebrae were analysed using X-ray spectroscopy; nine elements were measured. The resulting elemental composition data were analysed by multivariate analysis of variance. Evidence is presented for both a stock and a treatment factor contributing to the vertebral composition.

Limited behavioural thermoregulation by adult upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 480-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Donaldson ◽  
S. J. Cooke ◽  
D. A. Patterson ◽  
S. G. Hinch ◽  
D. Robichaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Radio Telemetry ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
And Migration

The objective of this study was to combine radio telemetry with individual thermal loggers to assess the extent to which adult migrating sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)) behaviourally thermoregulate during their migration through the Fraser River mainstem, British Columbia. The Fraser mainstem represents a region of the migration route that contains some of the highest mean temperatures encountered by sockeye salmon during their life history. We found that throughout the study area, individual sockeye salmon body temperatures occasionally deviated from ambient temperatures (ΔT), yet individuals maintained a ΔT of –1 °C or cooler for only 5% of their migration through the study region. There were moderate mean deviations of ΔT in two segments that are known to contain thermally stratified waters. In one of the study segments with the greatest ΔT, mean body temperatures decreased as river temperatures increased and ΔT became increasingly positive with higher river discharge rates, but these relationships were not observed in any of the other study segments. No relationship existed between ΔT and migration rate. While periodic associations with cool water were evident, mean body temperatures were not significantly different than mean river temperatures throughout the lower Fraser mainstem. This finding raises further conservation concerns for vulnerable Fraser River sockeye stocks that are predicted to encounter increasing peak summer river temperatures in the coming decades.

Effects of river temperature and climate warming on stock-specific survival of adult migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDUARDO G. MARTINS ◽  
SCOTT G. HINCH ◽  
DAVID A. PATTERSON ◽  
MERRAN J. HAGUE ◽  
STEVEN J. COOKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
River Temperature

scholarly journals Inter-Annual, Stock-Specific Distribution and Migration of Juvenile Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from 1997–2017

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Erika Anderson ◽  
Jackie King ◽  
Chrys Neville ◽  
Strahan Tucker ◽  
Terry Beacham
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
And Migration

On the developmental pathway to nonanadromy in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J. Foote ◽  
Ian Mayer ◽  
Chris C. Wood ◽  
W. Craig Clarke ◽  
J. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Developmental Pathway ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Recent Gene Flow ◽  
And Migration

The evolution of nonanadromous forms of salmonids has been linked to adaptive similarities between migration to the sea and migration to lakes, and to inhibition of smoltification by rapid development rates and early maturation. We examined the seasonal cycle of seawater adaptability in a landlocked (10 000 years) population of kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka, to determine if the typical anadromous cycle persists in the absence of recent gene flow from sockeye salmon, as would be expected if components of smoltification are beneficial to a lacustrine existence. We also monitored the effects of maturation on seawater adaptability, to determine if they had an inhibitory effect on smoltification, as would be expected if a developmental conflict was responsible for the evolution of nonanadromous forms. Maturation was measured through the growth of gonadal tissue and the increase in circulating testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone. Landlocked kokanee showed the seawater adaptability cycle typical of sockeye salmon, and maturation had no inhibitory effect on seawater adaptability until near, or at, full maturity. We conclude that at least some components of smoltification must be beneficial to a life in lakes to account for the continued maintenance of the cycle. Further, rapid development and maturation on their own do not appear to account for the evolution of nonanadromous populations of O. nerka.

scholarly journals Migration and survival of Okanagan River Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, 2012–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Murauskas ◽  
Kim Hyatt ◽  
Jeff Fryer ◽  
Elliot Koontz ◽  
Skyeler Folks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Background Okanagan River Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (Okanagan Sockeye) are one of two remaining self-sustaining Sockeye Salmon populations in the Columbia River Basin. We used detection histories of smolts implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags between 2012 and 2019 to estimate survival and behavioral metrics during reintroduction efforts and changing environmental conditions over the monitoring period. Results Smolts migrating to McNary Dam, whose route includes 130 km of the Okanagan River and 388 km of the Columbia River, generally had high survival (mean of 87.0% per 100 km) and fast migration speeds (up to 50 km/day) relative to other salmonids in the region. Smolt-to-adult returns (SARs) ranged from 0.4 to 6.1% and were greater for fish originating from Skaha Lake compared to cohorts tagged in Osoyoos Lake. Most adults returned after 2 years in the ocean (69%), followed by jacks (27%), and adults that spent 3 years at sea (4%), though Skaha Lake adults had a significantly younger age structure than cohorts from Osoyoos Lake. Survival of adults from Bonneville Dam (rkm 235) upstream to Wells Dam (rkm 830) was generally high (80–92%), and migration speed decreased in upstream reaches. Survival from Wells Dam to the Okanagan River was only estimable in 2018, where 64% of adults survived to the spawning grounds. The upstream migration of adult Okanagan Sockeye was significantly compromised during the drought of 2015 when less than 5% of Okanagan Sockeye that returned to the Columbia River reached spawning grounds. Conclusions Our results indicate that Okanagan Sockeye have exceptional survival and migratory ability relative to other salmonids, though poor ocean conditions combined with warming water temperatures in freshwater habitats in recent years have the potential to devastate the population. The success of reintroduction efforts to increase spatial structure and diversity of Okanagan Sockeye is, therefore, critical to maintaining the population in years to come.

Energetic costs of migration through the Fraser River Canyon, British Columbia, in adult pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) salmon as assessed by EMG telemetry

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 1809-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M Standen ◽  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Michael C Healey ◽  
Anthony P Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Migration Activity ◽  
Lower Velocity

Adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) depend on energy reserves to complete their upriver spawning migration. Little is known about how flow patterns and bank characteristics affect energetics or how species differ in reach-specific energy use. In 1999, electromyogram (EMG) radiotelemetry was used to describe activity levels and estimate energy use of 12 adult pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) during their upstream migration in a 7-km section of the Fraser River Canyon. Data collected previously on sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the same study area provided a species comparison. We could not identify any strong differences in energetics between species. Although sex had some influence, reach characteristics were the primary factors affecting migration activity and energetics. Fish increased their activity levels when they migrated through reaches constricted by islands or gravel bars compared with nonconstricted reaches. The former contained higher velocity currents and more complex hydraulic conditions than the latter. Two behavioural responses, with similar energetic consequences, occurred in constricted reaches. Either fish swam slowly and took more time, presumably searching for lower velocity areas for migration thus increasing passage time, or they swam quickly through higher velocity flow fields.

Swim speeds and energy use of upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): simulating metabolic power and assessing risk of energy depletion

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1832-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S Rand ◽  
Scott G Hinch
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Fine Time ◽  
Daily Time

We simulated metabolic power consumed by Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during upriver migration based on direct measures of activity from physiological field telemetry. The most accurate prediction of energy expenditure was obtained by expressing activity as a fine time scale (5 s) stochastic process. By imposing a daily time step, predictions of energy use were considerably lower than observed energy use, suggesting that the practice of modeling field energetics at a daily time scale, particularly for relatively active fish, may render dubious results. Daily mean power consumption through the Fraser River Canyon by the average migrant was about 20 W, about fourfold higher than for less constricted reaches. Power consumption predicted at fine time scales ranged from <1 W (0.1 body length·s-1) during periods of reduced activity to 1700 W (8 body lengths·s-1) during bursts while navigating through turbulent canyon reaches. Through Monte Carlo simulations representing environmental variability observed during 1950-1994, we determined that 8% of the salmon runs during this time resulted in high risk of exhaustion for the average migrant that could lead to elevated in-river mortality. Reducing harvest levels on sockeye salmon that may be exposed to these unfavourable conditions may assist agencies in achieving a risk-averse management strategy.

scholarly journals Rainfall and self-selection patterns in Mexico-US migration

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Li
Keyword(s):  
Self Selection ◽  
Migration History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Costs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThis article studies the role of rainfall in determining the education composition of Mexico-US migration. Emphasizing the relationship between rainfall and migration costs, a revised Roy model indicates that rainfall affects selection on education through not only households’ liquidity constraints but also the comparisons between changes in migration costs and wage differentials at different levels of education. With retrospective data on the migration history of male Mexicans, the empirical analysis shows that the inverted U-shaped relationship between migration probabilities and education is less dispersed with a higher vertex when rainfall decreases, suggesting higher migration costs and reinforced self-selection patterns. The impacts of rainfall on selection and education are stronger for the migrant stock than for migration flows. Studying how rainfall influences migrants’ return decisions provides consistent results.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document