Some observations on Pseudomenopon pilosum (Amblycera: Menoponidae), the louse vector of Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Nematoda: Filarioidea) of coots, Fulica americana (Aves: Gruiformes)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1328-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl M. Bartlett ◽  
R. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Fulica Americana ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Podiceps Grisegena

Breeding populations of Pseudomenopon pilosum (Scopoli, 1763) became established on 10 laboratory-reared juvenile American Coots (Fulica americana Gmelin) initially infested with 5 adult male and 5 adult female lice. Eggs of P. pilosum hatched less than 10 days after deposition and the combined duration of the three nymphal instars was 10–20 days. Nymphs and adults occupied all regions of the body. Pseudomenopon pilosum might thus acquire microfilariae of Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Diesing, 1861) by simply randomly moving to and feeding on the legs where, in infected coots, the skin-inhabiting microfilariae of P. fulicaeatrae are known mainly to occur. Pseudomenopon pilosum occurred on all of 13 adult coots and three 1-week-old coot chicks collected in June in western Canada where P. fulicaeatrae is enzootic. Third-stage larvae of P. fulicaeatrae were found in adult P. pilosum on two of four adult coots harbouring microfilariae, but prevalence in lice was low (5.5% of 18 lice on one coot and 1.1% of 90 on the second) and only one third-stage larva was present in each infected louse. Four other species of lice were present on adult coots but only one other on 1-week-old chicks. Experiments showed that P. pilosum could occur as a straggler on chickens (Gallus gallus (L.)) and Red-necked Grebes (Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert)) although it did not establish on either species.

Mallophagan vectors and the avian filarioids: new subspecies of Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in sympatric North American hosts, with development, epizootiology, and pathogenesis of the parasite in Fulica americana (Aves)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2821-2833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl M. Bartlett ◽  
R. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
North American ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Fulica Americana ◽  
Fulica Atra ◽  
The Common ◽  
Podiceps Grisegena ◽  
First Time ◽  
Original Type

Subspecies of Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Diesing, 1861) Lopez-Néyra, 1956 are proposed for the first time. The parasite in the original type host, i.e., the Common Coot (Fulica atra L.) in Great Britain, becomes the nominotypical subspecies, namely Pelecitus fulicaeatrae fulicaeatrae (Diesing, 1861) n.subsp.; it requires further taxonomic study. Subspecies in two sympatric North American hosts are described, and transmission by lice (Mallophaga: Amblycera) is suggested to have played a role in their evolution. Pelecitus fulicaeatrae americanae n.subsp. in the American Coot (Fulica americana Gmelin) has narrower lateral alae at midbody in the male, tighter helical twisting and more rotations in the body of the adult female, and a vulva that tends to be closer to the end of the oesophagus than that of Pelecitus fulicaeatrae grisegenae n.subsp. in the Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert)). Development of P. f. americanae was followed in experimentally infected American Coots. At 20 days postinfection, worms had migrated to the definitive site in the ankles and developed to the adult stage; these worms were sexually immature and also differed in other morphologic ways from mature specimens. Worms at 210 and 265 d resembled those from wild-caught coots, and females contained microfilariae. Pelecitus f. americanae is reported for the first time in Wisconsin, North Dakota, and California and probably is widespread in coots in North America. Both nesting and wintering coots contained three age-classes of adult female worms (too young to produce microfilariae, producing microfilariae, senescent), suggesting that transmission is not restricted to any particular period during the year. In general, no evidence of infection was apparent upon external examination of intact wild-caught infected coots, whereas ankles of intact wild-caught infected grebes were frequently swollen. Upon internal examination of coots, a visible response to worms was also generally not observed. In a few coots, however, worms were within soft, thin-walled capsules and histologic examination revealed chronic proliferative tenosynovitis.

Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Nematoda: Filarioidea) of coots (Gruiformes) and grebes (Podicipediformes): skin-inhabiting microfilariae and development in Mallophaga

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2803-2812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl M. Bartlett ◽  
R. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Chewing Louse ◽  
First Report ◽  
Fulica Americana ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Podiceps Grisegena

Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Diesing, 1861) was found among tendons near the ankle (tibiotarso-tarsometatarsalis articulation) in 11 of 15 adult coots (Fulica americana) from Brooks, Alberta, Canada, in 6 of 9 adult coots from Delta, Manitoba, Canada, and in 2 of 4 adult red-necked grebes (Podiceps grisegena) from Brooks. Microfilariae of P. fulicaeatrae were found in skin of the feathered portions of the legs of infected birds, generally in the dermis around feather follicles; this is the first report of skin-inhabiting microfilariae among avian filarioids. Development of P. fulicaeatrae to the third stage in the chewing louse Pseudomenopon pilosum (Scopoli) (Mallophaga: Amblycera) is described. Microfilariae and developing first-stage larvae were found in nymphal and adult lice but third-stage larvae were found only in adults; prevalence of third-stage larvae was significantly higher in females than in males. Adult P. fulicaeatrae were recovered from an experimentally inoculated, laboratory-reared coot and from laboratory-reared coots that had been housed with infected and infested wild-caught coots. Pelecitus fulicaeatrae is the first filarioid in the Dirofilariinae known to be transmitted by lice and the third found in birds. Pseudomenopon pilosum was found on 40 (85%) of 47 coots of undetermined ages from Alberta and Pseudomenopon dolium (Rudow) was found on all of 5 juvenile red-necked grebes also from Alberta. Possibly, P. pilosum occasionally transfers to grebes and (or) P. dolium also transmits P. fulicaeatrae.

scholarly journals A new ortheziid (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from Australia associated with Acropyga myops Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and a key to Australian Ortheziidae

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1946 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN S. LAPOLLA ◽  
CHRIS BURWELL ◽  
SEÁN G. BRADY ◽  
DOUGLASS R. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Anal Ring

A peculiar new genus of Ortheziidae is described from Queensland, Australia. Acropygorthezia williamsi LaPolla & Miller, n. gen. & sp. was discovered in two localities in the nests of Acropyga myops. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the adult female, adult male, first-instar nymph, prepupa, and pupa; descriptions only are provided for the secondand third-instar nymphs. Prior to this study, Acropyga ants were known to enter into trophobiotic relationships only with mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Therefore, this study represents the first non-mealybug association between a scale insect and Acropyga. The new ortheziid genus has a number of unusual morphological attributes: no definite wax plates; no ovisac; an anal ring lacking setae and pores, located dorsally in the middle of the abdomen; simple, large metasternal and mesosternal apophyses; numerous spines over the body, and various instars that are so similar that they are difficult to separate. These characteristics may represent adaptations to its relationship with ants. A key is provided to the Australian Ortheziidae.

Preparasitic Moults in Nippostrongylus Muris, with Remarks on the Structure of the Cuticula of Trichostrongyles

Parasitology ◽  
1936 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Lucker
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Infective Larva ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Early Separation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Third Stage

Rhabditiform first-stage larvae of Nippostrongylus muris are about 270–550μ long. The development of these larvae culminates in a moult, which occurred 36–48 hours after cultures were prepared. The first moult is preceded by an unusually early separation of the first cuticle, which is fine and unstriated, from the body tissue in the tail region and, later, by the formation of an underlying new cuticle, which is thicker and prominently striated.Early second-stage rhabditiform larvae differ in certain morphological respects from first-stage larvae. Second-stage larvae are about 470–750μ long.A second preparasitic ecdysis occurs and the infective larva is a true third-stage larva. This moult was the only one previously known to occur during the preparasitic development of N. muris.The post-cervical cuticular inflation in N. muris is regarded, on the basis of a comparative study of the cuticle of this species and of Haemonchus contortus and other trichostrongyles, as resulting from the separation of the second and third layers of the cuticle. Yokogawa's view that Nippostrongylus muris has two cuticulae is rejected. N. muris has a single cuticula, apparently made up of four layers.N. muris undergoes four complete moults and the development of this species does not differ in any essential respect from that reported for other strongyles.

The life cycle of the Tantulocarida (Crustacea)

1987 ◽  
Vol 315 (1173) ◽  
pp. 267-303 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
Living Adult

Four new species of parasitic crustaceans belonging to the class Tantulocarida are described, two of which are placed in a new genus, Onceroxenus . Three of them parasitize deep-sea tanaids, the other, a deep sea asellote. Microdajus langi , originally classified as an epicaridean isopod, is recognized as a tantulocaridan. It is reported from Scottish waters for the first time and from new host species. These records include the shallowest depth, 22 m, known for a tantulocaridan. Cumoniscus kruppi a parasite of cumaceans, is also recognized as a tantulocaridan. The Tantulocarida now comprises eleven species and five genera, here assigned to the Basipodellidae and two new families, the Deoterthridae and Microdajidae. Several life cycle stages are described and arranged in two developmental sequences. Evidence for a possible third sequence was found. Male development involves a unique type of metamorphosis in which the free-living adult differentiates from a dedifferentiated mass of tissue contained within the expanded trunk of the tantulus larva. Throughout this metamorphosis the male is supplied with nutrients from the host via a tissue connection, the umbilical cord, and the permanently attached larval head. The non-feeding adult male lacks cephalic appendages but possesses two clusters of aesthetascs on its anterior margin. It is free swimming and has six pairs of large thoracopods without endites. The first two thoracic somites are incorporated into the cephalothorax. The abdomen bears a posteriorly directed, median stylet, interpreted as the intromittent organ. It originates on the first abdominal somite. The adult female has a large sac-like trunk attached by the larval head. The larval trunk is sloughed leaving a scar but no complete moult occurs. Eggs develop within the trunk sac and hatch directly at the infective tantulus larval stage. This extreme condensation of early ontogeny is compared with that of other crustaceans and is interpreted as an adaptation to parasitism in situations where a high dispersal ability is not advantageous. In some females the trunk sac forms behind the head but the larval trunk is retained. Small and large females of this type are described, the largest being 737 µm in length. These probably represent females in which sloughing of the larval trunk has failed but it is possible that each may have contained a free-living adult female of comparable size to the adult male. The tantulus larva is described in detail. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the thoracopodal endites have a complex apical armature, including coupling spines which serve to link the members of a leg pair. Tantulocaridans are permanently attached to their host by the oral disc, presumably by means of an adhesive. In the centre of the disc they make a minute puncture (between 0.5 and 2.0 µm in diameter) through the host integument, probably with the aid of their cephalic stylet. This constitutes their only access to the body fluids of the host. The phylogenetic relationships of the Tantulocarida are discussed. They appear to be related to the barnacles (Thecostraca), both groups possessing a median penis derived from the seventh trunk limb. Their possession of a thorax of six somites and the location of the male gonopores on trunk somite seven suggests an affinity with a larger group containing the Thecostraca and the Copepoda.

The Nasal Bot Fly, Cephenomyia auribarbis Meigen (Diptera, Tachinidae) of the Red Deer, Cervus elaphus L

Parasitology ◽  
1932 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Pelvic Region ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Pharyngeal Apparatus ◽  
Gastric Mucous

1. Cephenomyia auribarbis Mg., a tachino-oestrid parasite of the red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), is distributed throughout the deer forests of Scotland. The adult is found on the wing during June and July.2. The larva normally occurs attached to the walls of the nasal passages and pharynx, where it remains for 10 or 11 months. At maturity it drops to the ground and pupates beneath the surface. The adult emerges in 3–4 weeks.3. In January, 1931, a larva of the early third instar was recovered from a stag shot at Blair Atholl, Perthshire. It was found in fat in the pelvic region and not in the nostril or pharynx as might have been expected.4. It is suggested that the larva may have been swallowed by the host and bored its way through the wall of the gut into the peritoneal cavity, whence it had wandered to the pelvic region; or else that a first-stage larva had been accidentally deposited by a female on the hide and had bored through the body wall to the peritoneal cavity.5. The adult female and the early third-stage larva are described and illustrated.6. A comparison is made between the cephalo-pharyngeal apparatus of Cephenomyia auribarbis, Cephalomyia ovis, and Gastrophilus intestinalis. It is noted that the basilar sclerite of the first two species is provided with an accessory lateral appendage on each side. A greater surface is thus furnished for the attachment of the large depressor muscles of the buccal hooks. The larva thus securely holds its ground in the nasal cavities and pharynx, where the risks of summary ejection are always present. In G. intestinalis the accessory appendage is absent. The chances of the larva of this species losing its hold on the gastric mucous membrane of the host are very slight.

Electron-microscopical observations on the body wall of the third-stage larva of Haemonchus placei

Parasitology ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Inner Cortex

SUMMARYThe ultrastructure of the body wall of the third-stage larva of Haemonckus placei was studied. The cuticle was found to consist of eight layers: a thin outer layer, a membrane-bounded layer, an electron-dense layer, a thin irregular layer, an inner cortical layer, a matrix layer, a striated layer and a fibril layer. Interposed between the inner cortex and matrix were two transverse fibres.The region between the fibril layers and the contractile part of the muscle cells was occupied by the hypodermis, which enlarged to form the dorsal, ventral and lateral cords. Within the cords lay hypodermal cells, nerves, crystalline inclusions and an excretory canal.The sarcoplasmic part of the muscle cells was rich in glycogen and contained numerous mitochondria. Myofibrils of two types were present in the contractile part of the cell.I am grateful to Dr D. W. Brocklesby for his help and advice and to Mr E. Harness for the production and supply of third-stage larvae. I would also like to thank Dr D. L. Lee and Mr W. G. MacMillan for helpful discussions.

scholarly journals Description of the Adult Male of Stylops advarians Pierce (Strepsiptera: Stylopidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4674 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZACHARY S. BALZER ◽  
ARTHUR R. DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
First Time

The morphology of the adult male of Stylops advarians Pierce is described for the first time. This species was previously known only from the endoparasitic adult female and the host-seeking, first-instar larva. Members of Stylops are cosmopolitan, and Stylops advarians can be found parasitizing Andrena milwaukeensis Graenicher in western Canada. 

Studies on the life-history of Bunostomum phlebotomum (Railliet, 1900), a hookworm parasite of cattle

Parasitology ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 192-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Infective Larva ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cutaneous Blood ◽  
Fourth Stage Larva

A description is given of the processes of copulation, formation of the egg and spermatozoon, cleavage, embryogeny and hatching in B. phlebotomum. These processes were found to be essentially similar to those in other strongyle nematodes.The anatomy of the first three larval stages is described and the observations of Conradi & Barnette (1908) and Schwartz (1924) were largely confirmed.Penetration of the skin of calves by the infective larva was observed histologically. The larvae were found to have reached the dermis within 30 min. and to have penetrated the cutaneous blood vessels within 60 min. of application to the skin. The larvae were found in the lung where the third ecdysis was in progress 10 days after penetration of the skin. A description is given of the growth of the third-stage larva in the lung, the changes which take place during the third ecdysis, and the anatomy of the fourth-stage larva.The fourth-stage larvae exsheath in the lungs and travel to the intestine. After a period of growth in which sexual differentiation takes place, the fourth ecdysis occurs and the adult parasite emerges. The time required for the attainment of maturity was found to be somewhere between 30 and 56 days after penetration of the skin.This paper was written at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Veterinary Laboratories, Wey-bridge, and the writer would like to express his gratitude to the Director, Prof. T. Dalling, also to Dr W. R. Wooldridge, chairman of the Council of the Veterinary Educational Trust for their help and encouragement. The writer's thanks are also due to Dr H. A. Baylis, Prof. R. T. Leiper and Dr E. L. Taylor for their advice and help on technical points, and to Mr R. A. O. Shonekan, African laboratory assistant, for his able co-operation.

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