Cardiac growth in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2368-2373 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Farrell ◽  
A. M. Hammons ◽  
M. S. Graham ◽  
G. F. Tibbits
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Cardiac Growth ◽  
Ventricular Mass

Relative ventricular mass, percent compact myocardium, total protein, DNA content, and myocyte size were determined for rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, ranging in size from 10 to 2000 g. Ventricular mass, ventricular total protein, and DNA content increased linearly with body size. The DNA to protein ratio was reduced slightly over a 100-fold range of body size. Myocyte size increased with heart size. However, the estimated 1.7-fold increase in myocyte volume for a 10-fold increase in heart weight was incompatible with a corresponding 10-fold increase in total protein. Since DNA content increased 10-fold it is suggested that long-term cardiac growth in rainbow trout involves both hyperplasia and hypertrophy.

Endrin Toxicosis in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake F. Grant ◽  
Paul M. Mehrle
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
High Doses

In mature rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) receiving sublethal doses of endrin (4.3–145 × μg/kg body wt/day in 0.215–7.25 mg/kg of food) for 163 days and then forced to swim for 1 hr, the insecticide affected serum electrolytes, osmolality, total protein, cholesterol, cortisol, lactate, glucose, liver glycogen, and growth. Forced swimming alone altered 9 of 16 serum parameters examined. Apparent increases in serum Na and Cl and significant increases in osmolality and liver glycogen were directly related to dosage. A biphasic distribution of phosphate, total protein, and cholesterol with dosage was apparent. Glucose was increased about 50% by 145 μg/kg but was unaffected by lower doses. Variance analysis of zone electrophoretic patterns disclosed an in teraction between serum protein distribution and dose. Mobilization of liver glycogen was apparently inhibited by low doses and almost totally blocked by high doses. Correspondingly, trout given 14.5 μg/kg or more had lowered serum cortisol levels whereas the lowest dose elevated cortisol. Growth was inhibited appreciably by 145 μg/kg but not by lower doses. Visceral fat accumulated 4.8–8.7 μg endrin/g tissue in the 43 and 145 μg/kg exposures. We conclude that endrin caused dysfunction of physiologic processes critical to survival.

Some Blood Chemistry Values for the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1162-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Wedemeyer ◽  
K. Chatterton
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Normal Ranges

Normal distribution curves were graphically fitted to approximately 1400 clinical test values obtained from the plasma or kidney tissue of more than 200 yearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Estimated normal ranges were ascorbate, 102–214 μg/g; blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 0.9–4.5 mg/100 ml; chloride, 84–132 mEq/liter; cholesterol, 161–365 mg/100 ml; cortisol, 1.5–18.5 μg/100 ml; glucose, 41–151 mg/100 ml; and total protein, 2–6 g/100 ml.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF A GENE REGULATING THE TISSUE EXPRESSION OF A PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE LOCUS IN RAINBOW TROUT

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-268
Author(s):  
Fred W Allendorf ◽  
Kathy L Knudsen ◽  
Stevan R Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Genetic System ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Normal Expression ◽  
Additive Inheritance

ABSTRACT Nine percent of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from a hatchery source have a greater than 100-fold increase in expression of a phosphoglucomutase (PGM) locus, Pgm1, in the liver but have normal expression of this locus in other tissues. The results of genetic crosses are consistent with a single regulatory gene with additive inheritance being responsible for the differences in the amount of PGM activity in the liver.—The allele responsible for the expression of Pgm1 in the liver is apparently a recent mutation. This is supported by its restricted distribution in rainbow trout and the absence of liver Pgm1 expression in closely related species. This genetic system is valuable for future analysis of the control of gene expression and in determining the relative evolutionary importance of genetic variation at structural and regulatory genes.

Suppression of the Primary Immune Response in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, Sublethally Exposed to Tritiated Water During Embryogenesis

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1293-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Strand ◽  
M. P. Fujihara ◽  
R. D. Burdett ◽  
T. M. Poston
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Antibody Synthesis ◽  
Agglutination Assay

Antibody synthesis, in response to vaccination with a 0.1-ml (1.8 × 108 cells/ml) intraperitoneally injected, heat-killed strain of Flexibacter columnaris, was employed to investigate the effect of tritium irradiation (0, 0.04, 0.4, 4.0, 40 rads total dose for 20 days during embryogenesis) on development of the primary immune response in 5-mo rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, reared under essentially pathogen-free conditions. Specific agglutinins to F. columnaris, determined 1-wk pre vaccination, and 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 wk postvaccination increased rapidly in both control and irradiated fish following vaccination. Agglutinin levels in irradiated fish were suppressed to 50% of control levels at 40 rads during the 9th wk, and 50% of control levels at 4.0 rads during the 11th wk. Electrophoretic separation of serum proteins of both control and irradiated–vaccinated fish demonstrated four major protein fractions. Densitometry analyses demonstrated that fraction IV increased significantly in percent of total protein following antigenic stimulation, suggesting that fraction IV represents the specific humoral antibody to F. columnaris. The relative percent of total protein contained in fraction IV was significantly reduced in irradiated–vaccinated fish. Key words: antibody synthesis, agglutination assay, vaccination, Flexibacter columnaris, tritium, Salmo gairdneri, electrophoresis, serum protein, densitometry, primary immune response

scholarly journals Localized infusion of IGF-I results in skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1716-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Adams ◽  
Samuel A. McCue
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Igf I

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) peptide levels have been shown to increase in overloaded skeletal muscles (G. R. Adams and F. Haddad. J. Appl. Physiol. 81: 2509–2516, 1996). In that study, the increase in IGF-I was found to precede measurable increases in muscle protein and was correlated with an increase in muscle DNA content. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that direct IGF-I infusion would result in an increase in muscle DNA as well as in various measurements of muscle size. Either 0.9% saline or nonsystemic doses of IGF-I were infused directly into a non-weight-bearing muscle of rats, the tibialis anterior (TA), via a fenestrated catheter attached to a subcutaneous miniosmotic pump. Saline infusion had no effect on the mass, protein content, or DNA content of TA muscles. Local IGF-I infusion had no effect on body or heart weight. The absolute weight of the infused TA muscles was ∼9% greater ( P < 0.05) than that of the contralateral TA muscles. IGF-I infusion resulted in significant increases in the total protein and DNA content of TA muscles ( P < 0.05). As a result of these coordinated changes, the DNA-to-protein ratio of the hypertrophied TA was similar to that of the contralateral muscles. These results suggest that IGF-I may be acting to directly stimulate processes such as protein synthesis and satellite cell proliferation, which result in skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

Uptake of Cadmium in Perfused Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Gills

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 917-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pärt ◽  
O. Svanberg
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Metal Uptake ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Complexing Agent ◽  
Heavy Metal Uptake ◽  
Perfusion Technique ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
In Vitro Techniques

Uptake of cadmium in gills from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) has been studied by the head perfusion technique. The importance of checking the viability of the perfused gills is considered and some viability criteria are discussed. The results show that cadmium is transferred through perfused gills. A 10-fold increase in the external Cd concentration from 5 × 10−8 to 5 × 10−7 mol∙L−1 resulted in a nearly 100-fold increase in cadmium transfer. At higher cadmium concentrations the uptake rate of the element diminished after having reached a maximum within 30 min. A complexing agent, EDNTA, which strongly chelates free cadmium ions decreases the transfer of cadmium through the gills. The advantage of using in vitro techniques instead of conventional uptake experiments is discussed and it is concluded that the gill perfusion technique is a useful tool in studies of factors affecting heavy metal uptake in fish.Key words: perfusion technique, fish gills, Salmo gairdneri, cadmium uptake, viability, EDNTA

Abstract 73: Aberrant Activation of γ2-AMPK Increases Cardiac Growth Through Cellular Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maengjo Kim ◽  
Roger Hunter ◽  
Kei Sakamoto ◽  
Stephen Kolwicz ◽  
Lorena Menendez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Myocyte ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Target Point ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cardiac Growth ◽  
Cellular Hypertrophy

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensor and a key regulator of cell metabolism, hence a promising drug target. Point mutations in the regulatory γ2-subunit (encoded by PRKAG2 gene) have been shown to cause a unique form of cardiomyopathy in humans characterized by cardiac growth, arrhythmias and glycogen storage. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the mutation of prkag2 (N488I) caused aberrant activation of AMPK leading to glycogen storage. However, elimination of glycogen storage by inhibiting glycogen synthase activity failed to normalize heart weight (HW) of the mutant mice. Here, we aimed to determine whether cardiac growth in PRKAG2 ardiomyopathy was dueto cellular hypertrophy or hyperplasia. We used transgenic mice expressing a mutant PRKAG2 (N488I) in the heart (TGγ2 N488I ) that faithfully recapitulated PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy. We determined HW and cardiac myocyte size in adult (2 months) and postnatal (2 weeks) hearts in WT and TGγ2 N488I . At 2 months, TGγ2 N488I hearts show a 2.4-fold increase in HW/BW (body weight) (10.3 ± 1.44 vs. 4.3± 0.17 mg/g) as well as cross-sectional cell surface area compared WT hearts (325 ± 13 vs. 155 ± 5.4 μm 2 ,p<0.01), suggesting cellular hypertrophy in adult TGγ2 N488I heart. Furthermore, we observed increased mTOR activity evidenced by enhanced phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2448) as well as its downstream targets S6 and 4E-BP. The HW of TGγ2 N488I was partially inhibited by treatment with rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR. Interestingly, the length and width of isolated cardiomyocytes from 2 weeks old mice were not different between the WT and TGγ2 N488I heart in spite of a 50% increase of HW of TGγ2 N488I mice. We observed a 2- fold increase in the expression of a proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) during postnatal cardiac growth. Expression of Cyclin genes including cyclin D1, D2 and E1 was greatly increased in TGγ2 N488I hearts (2.4 - 4 fold, p<0.01 vs. WT). Taken together, these data indicate that aberrant γ2-AMPK activation stimulates cardiac growth through increased cell number during postnatal growth period and increased cell size at adulthood. These results suggest a novel role of γ2-AMPK in the growth of cardiac myocytes.

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