Energy and protein intake in relation to growth of suckling black-tailed deer fawns

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. F. S. Sadleir
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Behavioural Aspects ◽  
Effect On Growth

Milk and solid food consumption of energy and protein were measured in suckling Odocoileus heminonus columbianus fawns to 3 months of age. Fawns 7 to 10 days old consumed 175 g milk/kg0.75∙body weight∙day−1 which declined to 40 g/kg0.7S∙day−1 by 61 to 70 days. Mean daily digestible energy intake of milk and solids was 247 kcal/kg0.75∙day−1 (1 cal = 4.1868 J) and protein intake was 10.7 g/kg075∙day−1. Fawns started effective eating of solids around 30 days and by 90 days >80% of their energy intake was from solids. Some does continued to lactate for another 4 months, indicating that the metabolic and behavioural aspects of weaning can be separated in time. Growth for the first month of age was positively correlated with milk consumption, and growth rates up to 1,2, and 3 months were inversely correlated with birth weights but not to 4 months or older. Growth rates to 2 months were positively correlated with maternal growth rates to the same ages suggesting a genotypic and (or) prenatal effect on growth of fawns.

THE INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONTENT OF THE RATION ON LAMB AND WOOL PRODUCTION OF RANGE EWES

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-216
Author(s):  
F. Whiting ◽  
S. B. Slen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Basal Ration

Two feeding experiments were carried out with range ewes to determine the influence of the protein and energy content of the ration on lamb and wool production. When the energy content of the ration was increased approximately 10 per cent during early pregnancy [digestible crude protein (D.C.P.) intake was approximately 0.14 pound and digestible energy intake was approximately 3.2 therms daily on the basal ration], body weight gains and wool production of the ewes were increased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), but birth weights of the lambs in one experiment and 6-week weights of the lambs in both experiments were not affected significantly. However, when the energy content of the ration was increased during late pregnancy and early lactation (D.C.P. intake between 0.12 and 0.24 pound and digestible energy intake approximately 3.7 therms in Experiment 1, and 2.7 therms in Experiment 2, daily on the basal ration), body weight gains of the ewes were not affected, wool production was depressed (not significant in all cases), birth and 6-week weights of single lambs and birth weights of twin lambs in Experiment 1 were not affected. In Experiment 2, increasing the energy content of the ration reduced (P < 0.05) the birth weights of twin lambs.When the protein content of the rations was increased (from 0.16 to 0.20 to 0.24, and from 0.12 to 0.14 to 0.16 pound D.C.P. intake daily in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively), there was no increase in body weights of the ewes or birth weights of single lambs, but there was an increase (P < 0.05) in the birth weights of twin lambs and an increase (P < 0.01) in wool production of the ewes. Increasing the protein content of the rations increased the 6-week weights of single and twin lambs in Experiments 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). The results of these experiments suggest that the minimum average protein requirement for pregnant and lactating ewes was approximately 0.10 and 0.11 pound D.C.P. per pound of T.D.N. intake for maximum lamb and wool production, respectively.A nitrogen-balance and wool-growth study using non-pregnant, mature ewes showed that increasing the energy intake at low levels of protein intake caused a reduction in the apparent but not the "true" digestibility of the protein, no change in the biological value of the protein, and a reduction in weight of clean wool produced. At a higher level of protein intake, an increase in energy content of the ration resulted in no change in the apparent or true digestibility of protein but in an increase in wool production.

Nutritional Practices of Elite Female Surfers during Training and Competition

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni M. Felder ◽  
Louise M. Burke ◽  
Brian J. Lowdon ◽  
David Cameron-Smith ◽  
Gregory R. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Food Diaries ◽  
And Training

The aim of this study was to assess the dietary practices of 10 elite female surfers. Four- and five-day food diaries completed over competition and training periods demonstrated energy intakes (mean ± SD) of 9,468 kJ (±2,007) and 8,397 kJ (±1,831), respectively. This level of energy intake was less than that estimated for the requirements of surfing. Female surfers' carbohydrate intakes failed to meet the recommendations, and suboptimal zinc intake was observed with 90% of subjects not meeting the Australian RDI. Comparisons between competition and training demonstrated that carbohydrate (g and g/kg body weight) and confectionary (g) intakes were significantly higher (p < .05) and protein intake was significantly lower (p < .05) during competition. These results show that although body fat stores were not compromised (mean 22%), self-reported energy, carbohydrate, and nutrient intakes were marginal in elite female surfers. Questionnaires revealed that 90% of surfers did not have good nutritional habits while traveling, which was compounded by a lack of knowledge of nutritional practices.

scholarly journals Tempe Nuggets Provision Improves Energy Adequacy and Protein Intake in Underweight Underfive Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oktavina Permatasari ◽  
Retno Murwani ◽  
M. Zen Rahfiludin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Soybean Food ◽  
And Control

Tempe is a well known fermented soybean food, inexpensive, and a good source of dietary protein and energy. To improve fresh Tempe as an attractive food to children, Tempe is processed into nugget. A study using pre and post control group design was conducted to determine the effect of the Tempe nugget provision on energy and protein intake, and body weight/age (W/A) of 24-59 months old children. Forty six subjects were selected according to inclusion criteria from local Community Health Center (Puskesmas) and grouped into intervention (provision of Tempe nugget) and control group (no provision). Data of energy and protein intake of subjects before intervention were obtained by 2x24 food recall to determine deficiency in intake for the respective age. The amount of the nugget given to each underweight child in intervention group was calculated on the basis of deficiency in energy and protein intake of each child (W/A) per day. Body weight was recorded pre and post intervention. The deep-fried nuggets contained 276.53 calories per 100 g, 8.60% protein, 28.41% carbohydrate, 13.28% lipid, and 44.28% fiber. The mean age of the subjects in intervention and control group were homogeneous i.e. 40.52±10.88 months and 42.39±12.35 months respectively. Tempe nugget provision for 30 days improved significantly energy intake (p 0.001) in intervention compared to control group. Protein intake and W/A in intervention group were higher compared to control although not significant and further study with higher amount of Tempe nugget provision is needed. This study provides evidence that deep fried Tempe nugget can be used as inexpensive and nutritious food to improve protein and energy intake for underweight underfive children.

Lactational Energetics of a Marsupial Carnivore, the Eastern Quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus)

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Green ◽  
Jim Merchant ◽  
Keith Newgrain
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
The Mean

The rates of milk consumption by young of the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus), a polytocous medium- sized marsupial carnivore, were estimated by means of the 22Na-turnover technique. The mean individual daily rate of milk consumption at seven weeks of age was 0·6 mL, which increased to a peak of 16 mL at about 14 weeks, when the young weighed 130 g. The total amount of milk energy delivered to each young from birth to the commencement of weaning was 4·1 MJ. The digestible energy intake of lactating quolls (± s.d.), 740 ± 117 kJ kg-1 day-1, was nearly double that of non-lactating quolls, 333 ± 75 kJ kg-1 day-1. With such high energy demands during lacation, it is unlikely that a complete litter of six could be successfully reared unless prey are abundant.

scholarly journals Validation of energy requirement equations for estimation of breast milk consumption in infants

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2309-2316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Schoen ◽  
Wolfgang Sichert-Hellert ◽  
Mathilde Kersting
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectiveTo test equations for calculating infants’ energy requirements as a simple and reliable instrument for estimating the amount of breast milk consumed in epidemiological studies where test-weighing is not possible.DesignInfants’ energy requirements were calculated using three different equations based on reference data and compared with actual energy intakes assessed using the 3 d weighed dietary records of breast-fed infants from the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study.SettingA sub-sample of 323 infants from the German DONALD Study who were predominantly breast-fed for at least the first four months of life, and who had 3 d weighed dietary records and repeated body weight measurements within the first year of life.SubjectsHealthy, term infants breast-fed for at least 4 months, 0–12 months of age.ResultsThe overall differences between measured energy intake and calculated energy requirements were quite small, never more than 10 % of total energy intake, and smaller than the mean variance of energy intake between the three days of recording. The equation of best fit incorporated body weight and recent growth, while the worst fit was found for the equation not considering body weight.ConclusionsBreast milk consumption in fully and partially breast-fed infants can be reasonably quantified by calculating the infants’ individual energy requirements via simple equations. This provides a feasible approach for estimating infant energy intake in epidemiological studies where test-weighing of breast milk is not possible.

scholarly journals Association between Low Protein Intake and Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Yamaoka ◽  
Atsushi Araki ◽  
Yoshiaki Tamura ◽  
Shiro Tanaka ◽  
Kazuya Fujihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between protein intake and mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. We analyzed a pooled data of 2494 diabetic patients from two prospective longitudinal studies. Nutritional intake was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire at baseline. Protein intake per body weight (kg) per day was categorized into quartile groups. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using Cox regression analysis. During the six-year follow-up, there were 152 incidents of all-cause mortality. The HR for mortality in the lowest quartile of protein intake per body weight compared with the highest quartile was 2.26 (95% CI: 1.34–3.82, p = 0.002) after adjustment for covariates. Subgroup analyses revealed significant associations between low protein intake and mortality in patients aged over 75 years or under 65 years. After further adjustment of the total energy intake, a significant association between protein intake and mortality remained in patients aged ≥ 75 years, whereas the association was attenuated in those aged < 65 years. Our results suggest that adequate protein intake is necessary in older diabetic patients over 75 years, whereas with diabetes, whereas whole optimal total energy intake is required in younger patients with type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Effect of varying protein and energy intakes on nitrogen balance in Indian preschool children

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Iyengar ◽  
B. S. Narasinga Rao ◽  
Vinodini Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Safe Level

1. The effect of varying protein intake at two energy levels of 334 and 418 KJ/kg body-weight was studied in four preschool children belonging to the low socio-economic group.2. Results indicated a curvilinear relationship between N intake and N retention. From this relationship, the protein requirement of the children at adequate energy intake was calculated.3. At adequate energy intake (418 KJ/kg body-weight) the protein requirement of the children was 1.33 g /kg. On decreasing the energy intake by 20% to 334 KJ /kg body-weight the protein requirement was found to be increased by 20% to 1.64 g/kg.4. Based on this study, a safe level of protein intake for Indian preschool children subsisting on a diet based predominantly on vegetable proteins has been suggested.

Effect of crude fibre upon feeding efficiency of cattle in ‘warm’ environments

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Vohnout ◽  
J. V. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
High Fibre

SUMMARYResults of this study show that daily intake of dry matter (DM) and digestible energy (DE) was lower for the ‘warm’ environment and ‘high’ fibre groups. Efficiency of DM utilization was also lower for these groups. However, efficiency of DE was essentially the same for both rations, being lower in the ‘warm’ group. The lower intake in the ‘warm’ environment was attributed mainly to the longer length of time that animals spent resting, which resulted also in lower growth rates. The data indicate that increasing the caloric density of feed, to compensate for reduced consumption, would make it possible to obtain proportional increases in energy intake. As interactions were negligible, this situation would apply to both environments studied.

The effects of dietary protein concentration on the lactational performance of the rabbit

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Partridge ◽  
S. J. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTAn experiment was performed to examine the effects of feeding four concentrations of crude protein in the diet to lactating rabbits. Diets A, B, C and D contained 173, 181, 224 and 243 g crude protein per kg dry matter respectively. Each diet was offered at one of two feeding levels: H (330 g/day) or L (280 g/day) with three replicates in each of the eight treatment groups. Milk production and nitrogen balance were measured over a 28-day lactation.Although dry-matter intakes on feeding level H were significantly higher than those on feeding level L the difference diminished as the crude protein concentration decreased. The effect of crude protein intake on doe milk production was estimated therefore by regression analysis with digestible energy intake as a covariate. Both crude protein intake and digestible energy intake alone had significant effects (P < 0·001) on daily milk production and there was also a significant effect (P < 0·05) of crude protein intake after fitting digestible energy intake. Overall the equation was:Milk production (g/day) =17·61 + 0·985 crude protein intake (g/day) + 30·3 digestible energy intake (MJ/day).(±0·448) (±14·8)The relationship between digested nitrogen and nitrogen output as milk was also examined by regression analysis with digestible energy intake as a covariate. This equation was:Nitrogen output in milk (g/day) =0·438 + 0·164 digested nitrogen (g/day) + 0·572 digestible energy intake (MJ/day).(±0·068) (±0·294)The practical implications of feeding high levels of crude protein in the diet to increase milk production and pup weaning weight are discussed.

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