THE INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONTENT OF THE RATION ON LAMB AND WOOL PRODUCTION OF RANGE EWES

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-216
Author(s):  
F. Whiting ◽  
S. B. Slen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Basal Ration

Two feeding experiments were carried out with range ewes to determine the influence of the protein and energy content of the ration on lamb and wool production. When the energy content of the ration was increased approximately 10 per cent during early pregnancy [digestible crude protein (D.C.P.) intake was approximately 0.14 pound and digestible energy intake was approximately 3.2 therms daily on the basal ration], body weight gains and wool production of the ewes were increased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), but birth weights of the lambs in one experiment and 6-week weights of the lambs in both experiments were not affected significantly. However, when the energy content of the ration was increased during late pregnancy and early lactation (D.C.P. intake between 0.12 and 0.24 pound and digestible energy intake approximately 3.7 therms in Experiment 1, and 2.7 therms in Experiment 2, daily on the basal ration), body weight gains of the ewes were not affected, wool production was depressed (not significant in all cases), birth and 6-week weights of single lambs and birth weights of twin lambs in Experiment 1 were not affected. In Experiment 2, increasing the energy content of the ration reduced (P < 0.05) the birth weights of twin lambs.When the protein content of the rations was increased (from 0.16 to 0.20 to 0.24, and from 0.12 to 0.14 to 0.16 pound D.C.P. intake daily in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively), there was no increase in body weights of the ewes or birth weights of single lambs, but there was an increase (P < 0.05) in the birth weights of twin lambs and an increase (P < 0.01) in wool production of the ewes. Increasing the protein content of the rations increased the 6-week weights of single and twin lambs in Experiments 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). The results of these experiments suggest that the minimum average protein requirement for pregnant and lactating ewes was approximately 0.10 and 0.11 pound D.C.P. per pound of T.D.N. intake for maximum lamb and wool production, respectively.A nitrogen-balance and wool-growth study using non-pregnant, mature ewes showed that increasing the energy intake at low levels of protein intake caused a reduction in the apparent but not the "true" digestibility of the protein, no change in the biological value of the protein, and a reduction in weight of clean wool produced. At a higher level of protein intake, an increase in energy content of the ration resulted in no change in the apparent or true digestibility of protein but in an increase in wool production.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE AMOUNT OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY IN THE RATION OF REPLACEMENT EWE LAMBS ON BODY WEIGHT GAINS AND WOOL PRODUCTION

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Whiting ◽  
S. B. Slen ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Weight Gains

Three experiments were carried out with replacement ewe lambs to determine the influence of feeding rations containing three levels of protein, each at two levels of digestible energy. The three levels of protein were approximately 8, 9.5, and 11 per cent in the first two experiments, and 6, 9, and 12 per cent in the third experiment.Increasing the amount of protein in the ration resulted in an increase (p <.05) in the apparent digestibility of the protein, but no change in the percentage of protein retained or in the digestibility of the dry matter and gross energy. Increasing the digestible energy content of the ration by substituting corn starch for wheat straw or oat hulls reduced (p <.05) the digestibility and retention of protein in Experiments 2 and 3, but had no effect in Experiment 1.Body weight gains and wool growth of lambs fed rations containing wheat straw or oat hulls did not increase to so great an extent as those fed corn starch. This would indicate that energy was a limiting factor for maximum production in the lower digestible energy rations. In general, weight gains and wool production increased (p <.05) when the daily intake of D.C.P. was increased from approximately 0.10 to 0.13 pounds. Increasing the D.C.P. from 0.13 to 0.16 pounds (0.19 in Experiment 3) caused no further increase in body gains but increased (p <.05) wool production.On the basis of these results, the average D.C.P. requirements of a ewe lamb weighing 85 pounds and consuming 1.3 pounds T.D.N. was 0.13 pounds (0.16 pounds when wool production was considered).

Energy and protein intake in relation to growth of suckling black-tailed deer fawns

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. F. S. Sadleir
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Behavioural Aspects ◽  
Effect On Growth

Milk and solid food consumption of energy and protein were measured in suckling Odocoileus heminonus columbianus fawns to 3 months of age. Fawns 7 to 10 days old consumed 175 g milk/kg0.75∙body weight∙day−1 which declined to 40 g/kg0.7S∙day−1 by 61 to 70 days. Mean daily digestible energy intake of milk and solids was 247 kcal/kg0.75∙day−1 (1 cal = 4.1868 J) and protein intake was 10.7 g/kg075∙day−1. Fawns started effective eating of solids around 30 days and by 90 days >80% of their energy intake was from solids. Some does continued to lactate for another 4 months, indicating that the metabolic and behavioural aspects of weaning can be separated in time. Growth for the first month of age was positively correlated with milk consumption, and growth rates up to 1,2, and 3 months were inversely correlated with birth weights but not to 4 months or older. Growth rates to 2 months were positively correlated with maternal growth rates to the same ages suggesting a genotypic and (or) prenatal effect on growth of fawns.

Nutritional Practices of Elite Female Surfers during Training and Competition

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni M. Felder ◽  
Louise M. Burke ◽  
Brian J. Lowdon ◽  
David Cameron-Smith ◽  
Gregory R. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Food Diaries ◽  
And Training

The aim of this study was to assess the dietary practices of 10 elite female surfers. Four- and five-day food diaries completed over competition and training periods demonstrated energy intakes (mean ± SD) of 9,468 kJ (±2,007) and 8,397 kJ (±1,831), respectively. This level of energy intake was less than that estimated for the requirements of surfing. Female surfers' carbohydrate intakes failed to meet the recommendations, and suboptimal zinc intake was observed with 90% of subjects not meeting the Australian RDI. Comparisons between competition and training demonstrated that carbohydrate (g and g/kg body weight) and confectionary (g) intakes were significantly higher (p < .05) and protein intake was significantly lower (p < .05) during competition. These results show that although body fat stores were not compromised (mean 22%), self-reported energy, carbohydrate, and nutrient intakes were marginal in elite female surfers. Questionnaires revealed that 90% of surfers did not have good nutritional habits while traveling, which was compounded by a lack of knowledge of nutritional practices.

scholarly journals Tempe Nuggets Provision Improves Energy Adequacy and Protein Intake in Underweight Underfive Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oktavina Permatasari ◽  
Retno Murwani ◽  
M. Zen Rahfiludin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Soybean Food ◽  
And Control

Tempe is a well known fermented soybean food, inexpensive, and a good source of dietary protein and energy. To improve fresh Tempe as an attractive food to children, Tempe is processed into nugget. A study using pre and post control group design was conducted to determine the effect of the Tempe nugget provision on energy and protein intake, and body weight/age (W/A) of 24-59 months old children. Forty six subjects were selected according to inclusion criteria from local Community Health Center (Puskesmas) and grouped into intervention (provision of Tempe nugget) and control group (no provision). Data of energy and protein intake of subjects before intervention were obtained by 2x24 food recall to determine deficiency in intake for the respective age. The amount of the nugget given to each underweight child in intervention group was calculated on the basis of deficiency in energy and protein intake of each child (W/A) per day. Body weight was recorded pre and post intervention. The deep-fried nuggets contained 276.53 calories per 100 g, 8.60% protein, 28.41% carbohydrate, 13.28% lipid, and 44.28% fiber. The mean age of the subjects in intervention and control group were homogeneous i.e. 40.52±10.88 months and 42.39±12.35 months respectively. Tempe nugget provision for 30 days improved significantly energy intake (p 0.001) in intervention compared to control group. Protein intake and W/A in intervention group were higher compared to control although not significant and further study with higher amount of Tempe nugget provision is needed. This study provides evidence that deep fried Tempe nugget can be used as inexpensive and nutritious food to improve protein and energy intake for underweight underfive children.

Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.

Maintenance rations for Merino sheep. IV. The performance of adult Merino ewes fed daily and weekly at three levels of energy intake

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Briggs ◽  
MC Franklin ◽  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean

Dry adult Merino ewes were fed at daily or weekly intervals on oat grain at levels which provided 4.0, 3.0, or 2.0 lb starch equivalent (S.E.) per sheep per week. The experimental periods were 223, 223, and 181 days respectively. Differences between the mean body weights of the ewes a t the three levels of feeding were highly significant (P < 0.001). Body weight varied only slightly and no losses occurred in ewes fed weekly at the rate of 4.0 lb S.E. per head. Ewes fed daily a t this level had a significantly greater mean body weight (P < 0.001) a t the conclusion of the 223-day experimental period. The addition of a sodium chloride supplement did not improve the body weight or wool production of ewes fed weekly a t the level of 4.0 lb S.E. The mean body weight of ewes fed at the levels of 3.0 or 2.0 lb S.E. per head declined over the first 12 and 18 respectively and thereafter remained relatively constant. There were no significant differences at these levels of feeding between groups fed daily and weekly in respect of body weight, wool production, or survival rates. Ewes fed a t the level of 4.0 lb S.E. grew significantly more wool than those given 3.0 lb S.E. (P < 0.001). Losses were negligible in all groups except those fed a t the level of 2.0 lb S.E. In these groups there were few deaths in the first 16 weeks, but in the subsequent 10 weeks losses totalled 17.1 per cent. Ewes fed a t the level of 2.0 lb S.E. consumed their rations at a significantly slower rate (P < 0.01) than did those fed a t the level of 4.0 lb S.E.

A COMPARISON OF WEANING DAIRY CALVES BY BODY WEIGHT VERSUS AGE FROM WHOLE MILK OR MILK-REPLACER

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Milk Replacers

Ayrshire bull calves were weaned from whole milk or milk-replacer at 7 weeks of age, and at two different body weights, namely 55 and 46 kg. A maximum of 1.82 kg starter was fed daily to 15 weeks of age and 1.82 kg grower concentrate to 180 days of age.Calf performance did not differ significantly by weaning at 7 weeks or 55 kg. Weight gains to weaning and to 15 weeks were significantly lower for calves weaned at 46 kg. The average 180-day body weights for calves weaned at 7 weeks, 55, and 46 kg were 150, 146, and 140 kg, respectively.Whole milk or milk-replacer feeding produced identical calf growth to 180 days of age. Milk-replacer tended to increase preweaning and decrease post-weaning growth of calves weaned at 46 kg compared with whole milk. The augmented preweaning starter intake by calves fed replacer is discussed in relation to the digestible energy content of milk-replacers. It is suggested that energy supplied by plant carbohydrates should not be included in replacers for early-weaned calves, due to the low digestibility of starch by calves until 3 or 4 weeks of age.

The summer nutrition of weaner sheep: The voluntary feed intake, body weight change, and wool production of sheep grazing the mature herbage of sown pasture in relation to the intake of dietary energy under a supplementary feeding regime

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
WG Allden
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Body Weight Change ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Herbage Intake

The effect on herbage intake of feeding energy-rich supplements to weaner sheep during periods of summer drought was examined in two field studies in a Mediterranean environment. The total intake of digestible energy (DE) and of dry matter (DM) by each sheep was also measured, and the relation of DE intake to body weight, body weight change, and wool production was studied under these supplementary feeding regimes. In both experiments the sheep grazed sown pastures which provided low quality mature herbage (DM digestibility 45-49 %) in plentiful amounts (> 800 kg DM/acre). A new method of estimating herbage digestibility based on direct weighings of the animal before and after a period of restricted grazing, was used in one experiment. The estimate of DM intake by this method was less by 5% than the value derived from a regression equation based on faecal nitrogen concentration. The results of the two studies were in good agreement. For each 100 g supplement (up to levels of 400 g DM/day) the intake of herbage decreased by 65-69 g. The daily digestible energy intake needed to maintain wool-free body weight was 176 kcalDE/kg W0.75 (equivalent to about 144 kcal metabolizable energy/kg W0.75). This value is substantially higher than the results recorded for pen-feeding experiments but is comparable with other results recorded for the grazing sheep. The production of each additional gram of clean wool was associated with an increased intake of 52 g digestible DM (230 kcal DE). However, because herbage intake was reduced when a supplement was fed, it was in fact necessary to provide 86 g DE as a supplement (i.e. 65 % more than is indicated by the previous value) in order to produce an additional gram of clean wool.

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