Lactational Energetics of a Marsupial Carnivore, the Eastern Quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus)

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Green ◽  
Jim Merchant ◽  
Keith Newgrain
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
The Mean

The rates of milk consumption by young of the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus), a polytocous medium- sized marsupial carnivore, were estimated by means of the 22Na-turnover technique. The mean individual daily rate of milk consumption at seven weeks of age was 0·6 mL, which increased to a peak of 16 mL at about 14 weeks, when the young weighed 130 g. The total amount of milk energy delivered to each young from birth to the commencement of weaning was 4·1 MJ. The digestible energy intake of lactating quolls (± s.d.), 740 ± 117 kJ kg-1 day-1, was nearly double that of non-lactating quolls, 333 ± 75 kJ kg-1 day-1. With such high energy demands during lacation, it is unlikely that a complete litter of six could be successfully reared unless prey are abundant.

scholarly journals Ad lib. feeding during recovery from malnutrition

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
The Mean

1. Ten severely malnourished children were studied.2. During recovery the mean energy intake was 916 kJ (219 kcal)/kg per d when the children were fed ad lib. on a high-energy milk preparation.3. When a lower-energy milk preparation was given ad lib. the children voluntarily increased the volume consumed but the mean energy intake fell to 703 kJ (168 kcal)/kg per d.4. After recovery the children no longer consumed an increased volume when the lower-energy milk preparation was offered.5. The results provide further evidence of the importance of feeding with a high-energy preparation for the treatment of malnutrition, and demonstrate that additional benefits can be obtained by offering such mixtures ad lib.

Energy and protein intake in relation to growth of suckling black-tailed deer fawns

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. F. S. Sadleir
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Behavioural Aspects ◽  
Effect On Growth

Milk and solid food consumption of energy and protein were measured in suckling Odocoileus heminonus columbianus fawns to 3 months of age. Fawns 7 to 10 days old consumed 175 g milk/kg0.75∙body weight∙day−1 which declined to 40 g/kg0.7S∙day−1 by 61 to 70 days. Mean daily digestible energy intake of milk and solids was 247 kcal/kg0.75∙day−1 (1 cal = 4.1868 J) and protein intake was 10.7 g/kg075∙day−1. Fawns started effective eating of solids around 30 days and by 90 days >80% of their energy intake was from solids. Some does continued to lactate for another 4 months, indicating that the metabolic and behavioural aspects of weaning can be separated in time. Growth for the first month of age was positively correlated with milk consumption, and growth rates up to 1,2, and 3 months were inversely correlated with birth weights but not to 4 months or older. Growth rates to 2 months were positively correlated with maternal growth rates to the same ages suggesting a genotypic and (or) prenatal effect on growth of fawns.

THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY ENERGY INTAKE DURING SUCCESSIVE LACTATIONS ON SOW PROLIFICACY

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. KIRKWOOD ◽  
B. N. MITARU ◽  
A. D. GOONERATNE ◽  
R. BLAIR ◽  
P. A. THACKER
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Sow Lactation ◽  
Farrowing Rate

From selection prior to the production of their first litters, 101 Yorkshire × Landrace sows were allocated to be ad libitum fed either a control (CE) or high energy diet (HE) during each of four successive lactations. Diets CE and HE supplied 13.7 and 15.6 MJ. DE kg−1, respectively. Sows were treated similarly during each gestation. Although HE sows tended to have a greater digestible energy intake, they lost more weight during each lactation (P < 0.05). Maternal weight gains between each farrowing decreased with successive parities (P < 0.05). Litter size at the second and subsequent farrowings was greater (P < 0.05) for the HE than CE sows. The overall mean litter size for the HE and CE sows was 10.1 and 9.3 piglets, respectively. A similar trend was noted for live births (9.7 vs. 8.9) and numbers weaned (8.3 vs. 7.9). There was no consistent effect of treatment on pig weights at birth or 21 d of lactation. No treatment or parity effects were evident for preweaning pig mortality. The weaning to conception interval was longer for HE sows in the first parity (14.9 vs. 11.1 d), but more CE sows were culled for reproductive problems. No treatment effects were noted for mean interval to conception, proportion mated within 8 d or subsequent farrowing rate in parities 2, 3 or 4. There was no effect of initial gilt breeding weight on the ability to produce up to four litters. It is concluded that low lactation digestible energy intake may limit subsequent litter size. Key words: Sow, lactation, nutrition, reproductive performance

Relationships between energy intake, nutritional state and lamb birth weight in Greyface ewes

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
T. J. Maxwell ◽  
A. R. Sibbald ◽  
D. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
The Mean

SummaryIndividual feed intakes of housed mature Greyface (Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface) ewes were adjusted weekly to maintain plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations during the final 6 weeks of pregnancy at the following values: treatment 1 (adequately nourished; 17 ewes) less than 0·7 mmol/1; treatment 2 (moderately undernourished; 15 ewes) at about 1·1 mmol/1; treatment 3 (severely undernourished; 15 ewes) at about 1·6 mmol/1.The mean energy intakes (MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/day) required to maintain the prescribed nutritional states in single- and twin-bearing ewes were: treatment 1, 14·3 and 16·3; treatment 2, 10·6 and 11·6; treatment 3, 8·1 and 10·0 respectively.The moderate degree of undernourishment had no significant effect on the birth weight of single lambs, but reduced the birth weight of twins by 8·2%, while the more severe undernourishment reduced the birth weights of singles and twins by 21·5 and 25·8% respectively.Foetal energy requirements, estimated by regression analysis, appeared to decrease from more than 2 MJ ME/kg/24 h at 35 days prepartum to 1·54 MJ ME/kg/24 h in the week before parturition.The amounts of energy required to sustain the nutritional states of treatments 1–3 in non-pregnant ewes were calculated to be 348, 271 and 231 kJ ME/kg0.75/24 h, compared with a maintenance requirement, determined in this experiment, of 344 kJ ME/kg0.75/24h.It is concluded that in individually fed ewes a nutritional state characterized by plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of 1·1 mmol/1 would constitute an acceptable compromise between an uneconomically high energy input and an excessive reduction in lamb birth weight.

Anisotropy of damage productions in electron irradiated molybdenum

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
K. Izui ◽  
S. Furuno ◽  
H. Otsu ◽  
T. Nishida ◽  
H. Maeta
Keyword(s):  
Electron Flux ◽  
Threshold Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽  
Displacement Threshold ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Channeling Effect ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Threshold Energies

Anisotropy of damage productions in crystals due to high energy electron bombardment are caused from two different origins. One is an anisotropic displacement threshold energy, and the other is an anisotropic distribution of electron flux near the atomic rows in crystals due to the electron channeling effect. By the n-beam dynamical calculations for germanium and molybdenum we have shown that electron flux at the atomic positions are from ∽4 to ∽7 times larger than the mean incident flux for the principal zone axis directions of incident 1 MeV electron beams, and concluded that such a locally increased electron flux results in an enhanced damage production. The present paper reports the experimental evidence for the enhanced damage production due to the locally increased electron flux and also the results of measurements of the displacement threshold energies for the <100>,<110> and <111> directions in molybdenum crystals by using a high voltage electron microscope.

scholarly journals The Surgical Outcomes of Unstable Ankle Fractures in Patients Aged >65 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215145932199776
Author(s):  
Adem Sahin ◽  
Anıl Agar ◽  
Deniz Gulabi ◽  
Cemil Erturk
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ankle Fractures ◽  
Medial Malleolus ◽  
Aofas Score ◽  
Non Union ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Medial Malleolus Fracture ◽  
Mechanism Of Trauma

Aim: To evaluate the surgical outcomes and complications of patients over 65 years of age, with unstable ankle fractures. Material and Method: The study included 111 patients (73F/38 M) operated on between January 2015 and February 2019 and followed up for a mean of 21.2 months (range, 6-62 months).Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, fracture type, and mechanisms of injury were evaluated. Relationships between postoperative complications and comorbidities were examined. In the postoperative functional evaluations, the AOFAS score was used and pre and postoperative mobilization (eg, use of assistive devices) was assessed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 70.5 ± 6.1 years (range, 65-90 years). The mechanism of trauma was low-energy trauma in 90.1% of the fractures and high-energy trauma in 9.9%. The fractures were formed with a SER injury (supination external rotation) in 83.7% of cases and bimalleolar fractures were seen most frequently (85/111, 76%).Complications developed in 16 (14.4%) patients and a second operation was performed in 11 (9.9%) patients with complications. Plate was removed and debridement was performed in 5 of 6 patients due to wound problems. Nonunion was developed in the medial malleolus in 4 patients. Revision surgery was performed because of implant irritation in 2 patients and early fixation loss in the medial malleolus fracture in one patient. Calcaneotibial arthrodesis was performed in 3 patients because of implant failure and ankle luxation associated with non-union. A correlation was determined between ASA score and DM and complications, but not with osteoporosis. The mean follow-up AOFAS score was 86.7 ± 12.5 (range, 36-100).A total of 94 (84.7%) patients could walk without assistance postoperatively and 92 (82.9%) were able to regain the preoperative level of mobilization. Conclusion: Although surgery can be considered an appropriate treatment option for ankle fractures in patients aged >65 years, care must be taken to prevent potential complications and the necessary precautions must be taken against correctable comorbidities.

scholarly journals Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot Study

Endocrines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Johanna K. Ihalainen ◽  
Ida Löfberg ◽  
Anna Kotkajuuri ◽  
Heikki Kyröläinen ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Total Ghrelin ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Training

Sex hormones are suggested to influence energy intake (EI) and metabolic hormones. This study investigated the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) cycle phases on EI, energy availability (EA), and metabolic hormones in recreational athletes (eumenorrheic, NHC = 15 and monophasic HC-users, CHC = 9). In addition, 72-h dietary and training logs were collected in addition to blood samples, which were analyzed for 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), leptin, total ghrelin, insulin, and tri-iodothyronine (T3). Measurements were completed at four time-points (phases): Bleeding, mid-follicular (FP)/active 1, ovulation (OVU)/active 2, mid-luteal (LP)/inactive in NHC/CHC, respectively. As expected, E2 and P4 fluctuated significantly in NHC (p < 0.05) and remained stable in CHC. In NHC, leptin increased significantly between bleeding and ovulation (p = 0.030) as well as between FP and OVU (p = 0.022). No group differences in other measured hormones were observed across the MC and HC cycle. The mean EI and EA were similar between phases, with no significant differences observed in macronutrient intake over either the MC or HC. While the MC phase might have a small, but statistically significant effect on leptin, the findings of the present study suggest that the MC or HC phase does not significantly alter ad libitum EI or EA in recreational athletes.

scholarly journals The Multifaceted Roles of Zinc in Neuronal Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 489
Author(s):  
Hilary Y. Liu ◽  
Jenna R. Gale ◽  
Ian J. Reynolds ◽  
John H. Weiss ◽  
Elias Aizenman
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Mitochondrial Fission ◽  
Permeability Transition ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Atp Depletion ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Calcium Deregulation ◽  
Energy Demands

Zinc is a highly abundant cation in the brain, essential for cellular functions, including transcription, enzymatic activity, and cell signaling. However, zinc can also trigger injurious cascades in neurons, contributing to the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria, critical for meeting the high energy demands of the central nervous system (CNS), are a principal target of the deleterious actions of zinc. An increasing body of work suggests that intracellular zinc can, under certain circumstances, contribute to neuronal damage by inhibiting mitochondrial energy processes, including dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), leading to ATP depletion. Additional consequences of zinc-mediated mitochondrial damage include reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial permeability transition, and excitotoxic calcium deregulation. Zinc can also induce mitochondrial fission, resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation, as well as inhibition of mitochondrial motility. Here, we review the known mechanisms responsible for the deleterious actions of zinc on the organelle, within the context of neuronal injury associated with neurodegenerative processes. Elucidating the critical contributions of zinc-induced mitochondrial defects to neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration may provide insight into novel therapeutic targets in the clinical setting.

scholarly journals Processing Methodologies of Wet Microalga Biomass Toward Oil Separation: An Overview

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 641
Author(s):  
Vânia Pôjo ◽  
Tânia Tavares ◽  
Francisco Xavier Malcata
Keyword(s):  
Food System ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
System Sustainability ◽  
Industrial Level

One of the main goals of Mankind is to ensure food system sustainability—including management of land, soil, water, and biodiversity. Microalgae accordingly appear as an innovative and scalable alternative source in view of the richness of their chemical profiles. In what concerns lipids in particular, microalgae can synthesize and accumulate significant amounts of fatty acids, a great fraction of which are polyunsaturated; this makes them excellent candidates within the framework of production and exploitation of lipids by various industrial and health sectors, either as bulk products or fine chemicals. Conventional lipid extraction methodologies require previous dehydration of microalgal biomass, which hampers economic feasibility due to the high energy demands thereof. Therefore, extraction of lipids directly from wet biomass would be a plus in this endeavor. Supporting processes and methodologies are still limited, and most approaches are empirical in nature—so a deeper mechanistic elucidation is a must, in order to facilitate rational optimization of the extraction processes. Besides circumventing the current high energy demands by dehydration, an ideal extraction method should be selective, sustainable, efficient, harmless, and feasible for upscale to industrial level. This review presents and discusses several pretreatments incurred in lipid extraction from wet microalga biomass, namely recent developments and integrated processes. Unfortunately, most such developments have been proven at bench-scale only—so demonstration in large facilities is still needed to confirm whether they can turn into competitive alternatives.

Energy Intakes of Ultraendurance Cyclists During Competition, an Observational Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Black ◽  
Paula M.L. Skidmore ◽  
Rachel C. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
And Performance

Endurance events >10 hr are becoming increasingly popular but provide numerous physiological challenges, several of which can be attenuated with optimal nutritional intakes. Previous studies in ultraendurance races have reported large energy deficits during events. The authors therefore aimed to assess nutritional intakes in relation to performance among ultraendurance cyclists. This observational study included 18 cyclists in a 384-km cycle race. At race registration each cyclist’s support crew was provided with a food diary for their cyclist. On completion of the race, cyclists were asked to recall their race food and drink intakes. All food and fluids were analyzed using a computer software package. Mean (SD) time to complete the race was 16 hr 21 min (2 hr 2 min). Mean (SD) energy intake was 18.7 (8.6) MJ, compared with an estimated energy requirement for the race of 25.5 (7.4) MJ. There was a significant negative relationship between energy intake and time taken to complete the race (p = .023, r2 = −.283). Mean (SD) carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes were 52 (27), 15.84 (56.43), and 2.94 (7.25) g/hr, respectively. Only carbohydrate (p = .015, r2 = −.563) and fat intake (p = .037, r2 = −.494) were associated with time taken to complete the race. This study demonstrates the difficulties in meeting the high energy demands of ultraendurance cycling. The relationship between energy intake and performance suggests that reducing the energy deficit may be advantageous. Given the high carbohydrate intakes of these athletes, increasing energy intake from fat should be investigated as a means of decreasing energy deficits.

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