Morphology and behaviour of the benthic larva of Arenicola cristata (Polychaeta)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan R. Marsden ◽  
T. Lacalli
Keyword(s):  
Small Region ◽  
Cholinergic Innervation ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Normal Behaviour ◽  
Arenicola Cristata ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Muscarinic Cholinergic ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles

The structure of the three-setiger larva of Arenicola cristata is described with emphasis on the ultrastructure of the apical region, particularly the nervous and muscular systems, and ciliated and glandular cells. At least one population of well-differentiated nerve cell bodies can be identified in the cerebral ganglia, and these are filled with dense-cored vesicles. Processes apparently derived from these cells, containing both dense-cored and clear vesicles, are found throughout the cerebral commissure and circumesophageal connectives. Nerve terminals are restricted to a single small region along each of the two ventrolateral longitudinal muscles. Most of the terminals contain predominantly one or the other of the two vesicle types, but some terminals appear to contain both. Normal behaviour involves control of both muscular and ciliary activities. Experiments with drugs indicate a muscarinic cholinergic innervation of muscle, but we have found neither pharmacological nor structural evidence for a mechanism controlling ciliary activity. Preliminary observations suggest the presence of biogenic amines exhibiting specific fluorescence and a relationship between serotonin and the secretion of mucus.

Pharmacological Investigation of the Nature of the Innervation of the Muscles of Helix Aspersa

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-195
Author(s):  
JAS D. P. GRAHAM ◽  
R. ST A. HEATHCOTE
Keyword(s):  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Helix Aspersa ◽  
Pharmacological Investigation ◽  
Cholinergic Innervation ◽  
Muscarinic Cholinergic

The isolated columellar muscle of Helix aspersa is caused to contract by addition to it of ephedrine, adrenaline, veratrine, Ba++ and acetylcholine. Adrenaline and acetylcholine are active in concentrations of 10-6 or less. The action of acetylcholine is potentiated by eserine and abolished by atropine, but not by curare, indicating a muscarinic cholinergic innervation of this muscle. The heart muscle is sensitive to sympathornimetic substances only. The muscle of the alimentary canal is insensitive to drugs.

Colorectal Polyps With Extensive Absorptive Enterocyte Differentiation

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 404-410
Author(s):  
Hidejiro Yokoo ◽  
M. Irtaza Usman ◽  
Susan Wheaton ◽  
Patricia A. Kampmeier
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Colorectal Polyps ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Mucin Histochemistry ◽  
Absorptive Cells ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

Abstract Background.—The histologic classification of colorectal polyps is well established. However, practicing pathologists may still occasionally encounter colorectal polyps that are difficult to classify. We studied 6 colorectal polyps that showed uncommon histologic features that have not been described in the English language literature. Materials and Methods.—The polyps were studied using standard hematoxylin-eosin stain, mucin histochemistry, and electron microscopy. Results.—The 6 polyps we studied showed extensive papillary and villous structures with alternating villi and crypts. The villi were lined by well-differentiated absorptive cells, whereas the crypts were lined by immature glandular cells, thus mimicking the histology of the small intestinal mucosa. Conclusions.—These polyps appear to represent a variant of the hyperplastic polyp, in as much as cellular maturation (immature glandular cells differentiate into the mature surface absorptive cells) is the essential feature distinguishing hyperplastic polyps from adenomas.

scholarly journals Importance of cytology in the identification of villoglandular adenocarcinoma

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Correia ◽  
Madalena Vilar ◽  
Cidália Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Screening Program ◽  
Cervical Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Local Health Unit ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Atypical Glandular Cells ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Conclusive Diagnosis

Endocervical villoglandular adenocarcinoma is a rare subtype of cervical adenocarcinoma. It arises mainly in young and reproductive age women and it has a lower incidence and better prognosis compared to cervical adenocarcinoma. The present case study refers to a conventional cytology performed on a 48-year-old woman within a screening program carried out at a health center of the Local Health Unit of Matosinhos. The objective of this study is to verify the importance of the cytological sample collection method for a better observation and interpretation of the cytological findings in rare neoplastic entities, as well as to reinforce the importance of the application of complementary tests for the elaboration of a conclusive diagnosis. The cytological result of the present case report was atypical glandular cells (AGC) of the endocervical type. Subsequently, a biopsy of the uterine cervix, a conization and a curettage of endocervix were performed, whose histological diagnosis was well differentiated villoglandular adenocarcinoma from the endocervix.

An ALI culture well with well-differentiated respiratory epithelium demonstrating coordinated ciliary activity and mucociliary clearance

ASVIDE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
Jesse A. Ende ◽  
Sejad Ahmadzada ◽  
Jenna M. Christensen ◽  
Brian Oliver ◽  
Tom Estepha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Well Differentiated

An ALI culture well exhibiting well-differentiated respiratory epithelium with ciliary activity

ASVIDE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 63-63
Author(s):  
Jesse A. Ende ◽  
Sejad Ahmadzada ◽  
Jenna M. Christensen ◽  
Brian Oliver ◽  
Tom Estephan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Well Differentiated

Epithelial modulation of tracheal smooth muscle response to antigenic stimulation

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1449-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Frossard ◽  
F. Muller
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Cholinergic Innervation ◽  
Epithelial Layer ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
One Step ◽  
Muscarinic Cholinergic ◽  
The Right ◽  
Rat Trachea

The role of the epithelium has been studied in the contractile responses of rat trachea. The different modulations observed are discussed in respect to vagal components of the epithelial layer. Responses of rat trachea to immunologic stimulation are shown to be dependent on the presence of the epithelium, which prolongs the relaxation stage without affecting the contractions. This prolongation is abolished by neonatal capsaicin pretreatment, whereas substance P induces a significantly greater relaxation of serotonin-precontracted intact than deepithelialized trachea. Serotonin concentration-response curves are shifted to the right in intact preparations, which is partly reversed by neonatal capsaicin pretreatment, but a hyporeactivity of the tissue exists. A relaxing factor released by the epithelium is hypothesized, possibly dependent on substance P-ergic innervation. Muscarinic cholinergic innervation slightly modulates the contractions but not the relaxations in antigen-induced responses, independently on the presence of the epithelial layer. 4-Aminopyridine induces epithelium-dependent potentiations of contractions to antigen and to serotonin, which involves acetylcholine at one step of the reaction cascade. Epithelial-dependent contracting and relaxing factors are thus suggested in rat trachea.

Stimulation of ciliary beat frequency by autonomic agonists: in vivo

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 971-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Wong ◽  
I. F. Miller ◽  
D. B. Yeates
Keyword(s):  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Ciliary Beat Frequency ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Muscarinic Cholinergic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Ciliary Beat

beta 2-Adrenergic bronchodilator and muscarinic cholinergic bronchoconstrictor agonists both stimulate ciliary activity in vitro. To test the hypothesis that increases in autonomic activity would result in increases in ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in vivo, a correlation analysis heterodyne laser light-scattering system was developed and validated to measure the stimulating effects of sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic agonists on tracheal CBF in intact, anesthetized beagles. The mean baseline CBF from 42 studies of 274 measurements in 9 (5 male and 4 female) adult beagles was 6.6 +/- 1.1 Hz. The stimulating effects of a beta 2-adrenergic agonist, fenoterol, and a muscarinic cholinergic agonist, methacholine, on CBF were studied on four and eight beagles, respectively. The studies were randomized and blinded. Aerosolized 10(-5) M fenoterol stimulated the CBF from the base line of 6.8 +/- 2.5 to 32.0 +/- 17.9 Hz in four dogs. Aerosolized methacholine stimulated the CBF from the base line of 5.8 +/- 0.7 to 9.4 +/- 3.0 Hz for 10(-8) M, and to 12.6 +/- 3.1 Hz for 10(-6) M in eight dogs. These are the first data obtained in intact animals that demonstrate CBF in the lower respiratory tract is regulated by autonomic agonists.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists on Promoting Ciliary Function in Airway Epithelium

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mineo Katsumata ◽  
Tomoyuki Fujisawa ◽  
Yosuke Kamiya ◽  
Yuko Tanaka ◽  
Chiaki Kamiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airway Epithelium ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Muscarinic Antagonists ◽  
Ciliary Function ◽  
Recovery Stroke ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Long Acting

Abstract Background Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is an essential defense mechanism in airway epithelia for removing pathogens from the respiratory tract. Impaired ciliary functions and MCC have been demonstrated in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) are a major class of inhaled bronchodilators, which are used for treating asthma and COPD; however, the effects of LAMAs on ciliary function remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the effects of LAMAs on airway ciliary functions. Methods Wild-type BALB/c mice were treated with daily intranasal administrations of glycopyrronium for 7 days, and tracheal samples were collected. Cilia-driven flow and ciliary activity, including ciliary beat frequency (CBF), ciliary beating amplitude, effective stroke velocity, recovery stroke velocity and the ratio of effective stroke velocity to recovery stroke velocity, were analyzed by imaging techniques. Using in vitro murine models, tracheal tissues were transiently cultured in media with/without LAMAs, glycopyrronium or tiotropium, for 60 min. Cilia-driven flow and ciliary activity were then analyzed. Well-differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were treated with glycopyrronium, tiotropium, or vehicle for 60 min, and CBF was evaluated. Several mechanistic analyses were performed. Results Intranasal glycopyrronium administration for 7 days significantly increased cilia-driven flow and ciliary activity in murine airway epithelium. In the murine tracheal organ culture models, treatment with glycopyrronium or tiotropium for 60 min significantly increased cilia-driven flow and ciliary activity in airway epithelium. Further, we confirmed that 60-min treatment with glycopyrronium or tiotropium directly increased CBF in well-differentiated NHBE cells. In the mechanistic analyses, neither treatment with glycopyrronium nor tiotropium affected intracellular calcium ion concentrations in well-differentiated NHBE cells. Glycopyrronium did not increase protein kinase A activity in well-differentiated NHBE cells. Moreover, glycopyrronium had no effect on extracellular adenosine triphosphate concentration. Conclusions LAMAs exert a direct effect on airway epithelium to enhance ciliary function, which may improve impaired MCC in asthma and COPD. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the effects of LAMAs on the promotion of airway ciliary function.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-acting Muscarinic Antagonists on Promoting Ciliary Function in Airway Epithelium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mineo Katsumata ◽  
Tomoyuki Fujisawa ◽  
Yosuke Kamiya ◽  
Yuko Tanaka ◽  
Chiaki Kamiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airway Epithelium ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Muscarinic Antagonists ◽  
Ciliary Function ◽  
Recovery Stroke ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Long Acting

Abstract BackgroundMucociliary clearance (MCC) is an essential defense mechanism in airway epithelia for removing pathogens from the respiratory tract. Impaired ciliary functions and MCC have been demonstrated in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) are a major class of inhaled bronchodilators, which are used for treating asthma and COPD; however, the effects of LAMAs on ciliary function remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the effects of LAMAs on airway ciliary functions.MethodsWild-type BALB/c mice were treated with daily intranasal administrations of glycopyrronium for 7 days, and tracheal samples were collected. Cilia-driven flow and ciliary activity, including ciliary beat frequency (CBF), ciliary beating amplitude, effective stroke velocity, recovery stroke velocity and the ratio of effective stroke velocity to recovery stroke velocity, were analyzed by imaging techniques. Using in vitro murine models, tracheal tissues were transiently cultured in media with/without LAMAs, glycopyrronium or tiotropium, for 60 min. Cilia-driven flow and ciliary activity were then analyzed. Well-differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were treated with glycopyrronium, tiotropium, or vehicle for 60 min, and CBF was evaluated. Several mechanistic analyses were performed.ResultsIntranasal glycopyrronium administration for 7 days significantly increased cilia-driven flow and ciliary activity in murine airway epithelium. In the murine tracheal organ culture models, treatment with glycopyrronium or tiotropium for 60 min significantly increased cilia-driven flow and ciliary activity in airway epithelium. Further, we confirmed that 60-min treatment with glycopyrronium or tiotropium directly increased CBF in well-differentiated NHBE cells. In the mechanistic analyses, neither treatment with glycopyrronium nor tiotropium affected intracellular calcium ion concentrations in well-differentiated NHBE cells. Glycopyrronium did not increase protein kinase A activity in well-differentiated NHBE cells. Moreover, glycopyrronium had no effect on extracellular adenosine triphosphate concentration.ConclusionsLAMAs exert a direct effect on airway epithelium to enhance ciliary function, which may improve impaired MCC in asthma and COPD. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the effects of LAMAs on the promotion of airway ciliary function.

A Case of Small Polypoid Esophageal Carcinoma With Multidirectional Differentiation, Including Neuroendocrine, Squamous, Ciliated Glandular, and Sarcomatous Components

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (11) ◽  
pp. 1685-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Kanamoto ◽  
Yukihiro Nakanishi ◽  
Atsushi Ochiai ◽  
Tadakazu Shimoda ◽  
Hajime Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Carcinoma ◽  
Spindle Cell ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Submucosal Layer ◽  
Muscle Actin ◽  
Sarcomatous Component ◽  
Mesenchymal Differentiation ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Multidirectional Differentiation

Abstract A small composite esophageal carcinoma measuring 1.5 × 1.4 × 1.0 cm is described. The tumor had a polypoid elevation with a superficial extension. Histologic examination revealed invasion of the submucosal layer and multidirectional differentiation, including neuroendocrine, squamous, ciliated glandular, and sarcomatous components. The neuroendocrine component was strongly positive for chromogranin and formed the bulk of the polypoid tumor. The squamous cell carcinoma exhibited a superficial extension. The adenocarcinoma was located in a small region of the tumor and contained ciliated glandular cells. The spindle cell sarcomatous component, which was positive for α-smooth muscle actin and negative for cytokeratin, exhibited no specific mesenchymal differentiation. Each component was found in 60%, 10%, 5%, and 25% of the tumor, respectively. Cases of small composite esophageal carcinoma containing various carcinomatous and sarcomatous components are extremely rare.

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