The behavior of nose bot flies (Cephenemyia apicata and C. jellisoni) when attacking black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and the resulting reactions of the deer

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 977-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus ◽  
Spotted Deer ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Cephenemyia Apicata ◽  
Cephenemyia Jellisoni

Larviposition behavior by Cephenemyia jellisoni involved a covert, inaudible hovering–"stalking" flight with attacking females usually remaining undetected until the moment of larviposition. In contrast. C. apicata landed on or near deer and became objects of attraction eliciting the curiosity of deer and causing them to orient to the fly in a position vulnerable to larviposition. The final phase of attack by C. jellisoni was initiated from a blind spot in front of. and below, the deer's nose, whereas visible C. apicata attacked from perched positions. After flies squirted larvae into deer's nostrils, deer jerked back their heads and sneezed as they simultaneously shook their heads and lowered their noses to the ground. A series of other post-larviposition behavioral responses of deer are described, as is their characteristic fly alert position and behavior. Encounters with C. apicata and C. jellisoni females that larviposited in their nostrils led to the recognition of these flies by educated deer and to their responding with anti-nose-bot-fly behavior resulting in their evading females attempting to tarviposit. Deer did not respond to flies presented for them to smell, but when tethered C. jellisoni hovered in view of experienced deer, deer exhibited the characteristic evasive reactions provoked when wild flies were spotted. Deer also responded similarly when Cephenemyia larvae were "finger inoculated" into their nostrils.

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND MORPHOLOGY OF CEPHENEMYIA JELLISONI TOWNSEND AND LIPOPTENA DEPRESSA SAY, TWO DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE COLUMBIAN BLACK-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS COLUMBIANUS (RICHARDSON))

1943 ◽  
Vol 21d (6) ◽  
pp. 171-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian McT. Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Internal Parasite ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Cephenemyia Jellisoni

Material derived from deer taken on southern Vancouver Island, B.C., represents all larval stages of the nostril fly, Cephenemyia jellisoni Townsend. Description is given of the external morphology of the three larval stages and the puparium of this fly. The tracheary system of the first instar, and the cephalopharyngeal apparatus of all three are described and figured.In November and December first instar larvae were found in the nasopharynx of the host where they remained until after the moult. Until they reach maturity, second and third instar larvae occupy the retropharyngeal recesses of the deer. They leave the host by way of the nostrils and pupate in the ground.Observations on the life history and behaviour of Lipoptena depressa Say, both on and off the host, are given. It is postulated that the life span on the host varies from 8 to 13 months and that during this period from four to seven larvae are produced. Larvae do not pupate on the host but fall to the ground as soon as they are liberated. Infestations on a single host may consist of more than 2000 flies; under such circumstances the deer evinces discomfort. As yet this fly is not known to be involved in the life cycle of any internal parasite of the deer.

Isolation of a Poxvirus from a Black-tailed Deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus)

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Patton ◽  
R. W. Nordhausen ◽  
L. W. Woods ◽  
N. J. MacLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus

Black-tailed deer feeding bouts: dynamic events

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1353-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Gillingham ◽  
Fred L. Bunnell
Keyword(s):  
Food Preference ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Dynamic Events ◽  
Feeding Station ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Preferred Foods ◽  
First Time

Foraging bouts of captive black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus Richardson) were investigated to examine how searching for food affects diet selection. We determined food preference for three types of food under ad libitum conditions and then studied the foraging of two deer in a 0.5-ha, vegetation-free pen in which we controlled food availability and distribution of the same three types of food. Our hypotheses included the following: (i) clumping of preferred food into patches would enable animals to better exploit food distributions; (ii) the switch from preferred to lower-ranked food would be gradual as preferred food was less frequently encountered; and (iii) deer would respond to a lower abundance of preferred foods by eating more of lower-ranked food items at each feeding location. Searching for food alone did not alter diet selection from ad libitum conditions. Deer nearly exhausted their highly preferred food item before switching to lower-ranked ones. Amount of preferred food already eaten during a trial was positively correlated with the time that animals continued searching before switching to lower-ranked food items. Switching was related to amount and type of food encountered and not to amount of food in the pen. Clumping of the preferred food had no significant effect on the amount of food eaten, but did significantly influence types of food encountered by one deer. When preferred food was abundant, it was not always completely eaten the first time a feeding platform was visited. Increases in the intake rates of nonpreferred food items resulted from deer visiting more feeding stations containing nonpreferred food items and not from deer eating more food at each feeding station.

The Effects of Exposure to Negative Social Reactions and Participant Gender on Attitudes and Behavior Toward a Rape Victim

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Rape Victim ◽  
Participant Gender ◽  
Social Reactions ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Negative Social Reactions

Research has shown that judgments of a rape victim could be influenced by exposure to negative social reactions: students indicated less willingness to provide sympathy and support to a hypothetical rape victim when they learned she had been blamed and stigmatized. The current study, which utilized a sample of 100 college students, replicated and extended these results and showed that men were affected by others’ negative social reactions in their hypothetical judgments and in their behavioral responses to a rape victim (sitting farther away). This study demonstrates the potentially far-reaching detrimental influence of negative social reactions.

Gandhi’s Spiritual Politics: Austerity, Fasting and Secularism

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-205
Author(s):  
Amar Farooqui
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Early Life ◽  
World View ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Moral Ideal ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Spiritual Quest ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Moment

This article attempts to explore the connection between Gandhi’s spiritual quest, of which abstinence was a major component, and his politics. Gandhi was a deeply religious person. His politics, however, was secular in that it had little to do with the politics of religious identity. He would have found the notion of engaging in the politics of religious identity revolting, something that is borne out by his political practice. It was at the moment of the greatest crisis during the final phase of the anti-colonial struggle that he articulated his position with great clarity, and then went on to give it meaning through his presence in the countryside of Noakhali, and the refugee camps of Delhi. The influences of the social milieu of his early life in Saurashtra, and the colonial condition, shaped his world view in significant ways. The concrete everyday experiences of his early life are useful for comprehending his ideas about austerity as a moral ideal. There was a close link between austerity and the endeavour to achieve control over the palate. Besides, the story of his long association with his childhood friend Sheikh Mehtab is revisited, in the light of recent research, to see how it might allow a better understanding of this link.

Sarcocystis mehlhorni, n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) from the black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (12) ◽  
pp. 4397-4403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Calero-Bernal ◽  
Shiv K. Verma ◽  
Camila K. Cerqueira-Cézar ◽  
Laurence M. Schafer ◽  
Erna Van Wilpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus

scholarly journals Evaluating the Effects of In Utero Heat Stress on Piglet Physiology and Behavior Following Weaning and Transport

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Byrd ◽  
Nichole Anderson ◽  
Drew Lugar ◽  
Timothy Safranski ◽  
Matthew Lucy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Drinking Behaviors ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
And Behavior

The study objective was to determine whether in utero heat stress (IUHS) affects piglet physiology and behavior following common production practices. A total of 12 gilts were confirmed pregnant and allocated to either heat stress (HS; n = 6) or thermoneutral (TN; n = 6) conditions on day 30–60 of gestation. At weaning (22.5 ± 2.3 days of age), 1 boar and 1 barrow of median weight were selected from each litter and transported for approximately 7 h. Piglets were then blocked into pens (n = 2/pen) by in utero treatment (IUHS (n = 12) or in utero thermoneutral (IUTN, n = 12)) and sexual status (boar (n = 6/in utero treatment) or barrow (n = 6/in utero treatment)). Plasma cortisol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin and glucose were evaluated 1 day prior to transport (pre-transport) and immediately after transport (post-transport). Behavioral data were collected on day 1–7 for 60 min at four different time points each day. In utero heat stressed piglets exhibited reduced cortisol concentrations compared to IUTN piglets immediately post-transport (p = 0.04). Glucose concentrations were not affected by in utero treatment. Insulin concentrations were reduced in IUTN piglets post-transport compared to pre-transport (p = 0.002), but no differences were detected for IUHS pigs. Non-esterified fatty acids tended to be reduced overall for IUHS vs. IUTN pigs (p = 0.08). Overall, IUHS piglets performed more drinking behaviors (p = 0.02) and tended to perform more aggressive behaviors (p = 0.07) than IUTN piglets in the 7 days post-transport. In summary, there was some evidence for altered physiological and behavioral responses among IUHS piglets compared to IUTN piglets following weaning and transport.

Equations for Estimating Browse Biomass of Red Huckleberry, Western Red-Cedar, and Deer Fern by Vertical Profile

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Smith ◽  
Alan McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus ◽  
Height Profile ◽  
Winter Range ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Blechnum Spicant ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Western Red Cedar

Abstract Edible biomass estimating regression equations were developed for red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), understory western red-cedar (Thuja plicata) and deer fern (Blechnum spicant) growing in potential second-growth Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) winter range on Vancouver Island, B.C. Vertical edible biomass height profile equations were also developed for red huckleberry and western red-cedar. These models may be used to objectively and conveniently help assess the amount of forage available to deer during severe winters. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):48-50.

Curt Richter and regulatory physiology

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (2) ◽  
pp. R357-R363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy H. Moran ◽  
Jay Schulkin
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Internal Milieu ◽  
Sodium Ingestion ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Molecular Bases ◽  
Active Investigation ◽  
Experimental Challenge

Curt Richter made seminal contributions to our understanding of a number of issues regarding the relationships between physiology and behavior. He was the first to conceptualize behavior as an aspect of regulatory physiology. These ideas developed from his work on behavioral responses to a variety of physiological perturbations. The classic example is Richter's demonstration of the development of avid sodium ingestion in response to urinary sodium loss after adrenalectomy. Some of Richter's ideas on the nature and underlying physiology of specific appetites maintain their influence and continue to stimulate active investigation. Others, focused on abilities to self-select balanced diets, have not borne the test of time or experimental challenge. As current research takes a more molecular focus, Richter's ideas on behavior in the service of the internal milieu maintain their currency, and the search for the molecular bases for these relationships should serve as a research focus.

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