NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND MORPHOLOGY OF CEPHENEMYIA JELLISONI TOWNSEND AND LIPOPTENA DEPRESSA SAY, TWO DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE COLUMBIAN BLACK-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS COLUMBIANUS (RICHARDSON))

1943 ◽  
Vol 21d (6) ◽  
pp. 171-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian McT. Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Internal Parasite ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Cephenemyia Jellisoni

Material derived from deer taken on southern Vancouver Island, B.C., represents all larval stages of the nostril fly, Cephenemyia jellisoni Townsend. Description is given of the external morphology of the three larval stages and the puparium of this fly. The tracheary system of the first instar, and the cephalopharyngeal apparatus of all three are described and figured.In November and December first instar larvae were found in the nasopharynx of the host where they remained until after the moult. Until they reach maturity, second and third instar larvae occupy the retropharyngeal recesses of the deer. They leave the host by way of the nostrils and pupate in the ground.Observations on the life history and behaviour of Lipoptena depressa Say, both on and off the host, are given. It is postulated that the life span on the host varies from 8 to 13 months and that during this period from four to seven larvae are produced. Larvae do not pupate on the host but fall to the ground as soon as they are liberated. Infestations on a single host may consist of more than 2000 flies; under such circumstances the deer evinces discomfort. As yet this fly is not known to be involved in the life cycle of any internal parasite of the deer.

THE ECOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF RETUSA OBTUSA (MONTAGU) (GASTROPODA, OPISTHOBRANCHIA)

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tyrell Smith
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Span ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Protandrous Hermaphrodite ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Breeding ◽  
One Year ◽  
Short Time

The habitat, diet, life history, and reproductive cycle of Retusa obtusa were investigated over a period of [Formula: see text] years in a population found in the Inner Harbour at Barry, Glamorgan, U.K. A technique was devised for extracting Retusa from the mud of this area. R. obtusa occurs in the topmost 3.5 cm of fine mud covering Barry harbor, which is immersed by the sea for only a short time at each high tide. The principal prey was found to be Hydrobia ulvae.The life cycle was found to be annual, the adults dying in spring, following the natural breeding season. Occasionally, a short extra breeding period occurs in the fall. The life span in no case greatly exceeded one year. Retusa is a protandrous hermaphrodite, and copulates in the fall. The eggs mature through the late fall and the winter, a few at a time, until oviposition occurs in the spring. The average number of eggs produced per individual was 33, deposited in 1–4 egg batches. Development is direct.

A study of the Eugregarines of the grass-grub [larva of Costelytra zealandica (White), Melolonthinae], with a description of three new species

Parasitology ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Species ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Size Group ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Costelytra Zealandica ◽  
History Of ◽  
Three New Species

1. Three new species of eugregarine are described from the mid-gut of the larva of Costelytra zealandica (White).2. Euspora zealandica occurs in the anterior region of the mid-gut near the gut caeca. Slictospora costelytrae occurs just posteriorly to E. zealandica. Euspora sp. occurs posteriorly to the malpighian tubules, but was found only rarely.3. A description of the species and the life-cycle of two species are given.4. The life-cycle of S. costelytrae takes about 8 weeks and that of E. zealandica 6 weeks.5. Gametocysts will develop only at a humidity of 95–100 %.6. The bi-associative species, E. zealandica, is more abundant in the 1st and 2nd instars than the large species, S. costelytrae. Both species are equally abundant in the 3rd instars, but the peak for incidence was in May for E. zealandica and June for S. costelytrae. This is related to the longer period of time taken for the life-history of S. costelytrae.7. The incidence of gregarines builds up in each instar to over 90% then falls off, the time of fall off corresponding with the production of gametocysts which pass out with the faeces of the grub.8. The gregarines mostly complete their cycle before the instars moult. This is borne out by the observation that cysts were not found in the smallest size group of each instar. There were many cases in the larger size group of all three instars where cysts only occurred.9. Gametocysts are produced mainly in the autumn.10. Gregarines were not found in grubs approaching metamorphosis (prepupae) nor in pupae nor adults.11. It seems unlikely from the results that the gregarines have an adverse effect on the grubs as, in general, it was found that the larger grubs had the greater number of gregarines present, but further work on this is needed.12. The life-history of the gregarines is closely correlated with the life-history of the beetle.13. The presence of the gregarines only in the larval stages is related to the different habitat and behaviour of larva and adult.I am grateful to the University Grants Committee for financial support.

The insect Parasites of the Carrot Fly, Psila rosae, Fab.

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Wright ◽  
Q. A. Geering ◽  
D. G. Ashby
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Psila Rosae ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Carrot Fly ◽  
Insect Parasites ◽  
Host Relations

Four insect parasites of the carrot fly have been encountered and of these three have been identified as Dacnusa gracilis, Loxotropa tritoma, and Aleochara sparsa. The fourth is a member of the genus Kleidotoma, species not yet ascertained.The life-history, development and host relations of D. gracilis and L. tritoma are given together with data on their distribution and range of parasitism.L. tritoma also occurs as a hyperparasite of D. gracilis but this appears to be quite fortuitous.Experimental evidence is brought forward to show that the first instar larva of L. tritoma goes into a diapause in early July, that a period at a low temperature is necessary to break this and hence development is only completed in the following spring.A description is given of the three larval stages of A. sparsa.Brief reference is made to the Kleidotoma sp. which appears to be of rare occurrence.

Auto-infection by Echinostoma spp. cercariae in Helisoma anceps

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Zimmermann ◽  
Kyle E. Luth ◽  
Gerald W. Esch
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Life Cycle Stage ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Morphological Transformation ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Transmission Success

AbstractAuto-infection is a life history strategy used by many parasitic organisms, including digenetic trematodes. The process of autoinfection most frequently involves the transfer of a life cycle stage of the parasite from one site to another inside the same host, usually accompanied by morphological transformation. Moreover, among trematodes, the stage being transferred may also move from one host to another in completing the life cycle, i.e., an indirect cycle. Echinostoma spp. parasites offer the opportunity to study auto-infection because they utilize gastropods as both first and second intermediate hosts. Rejection of a null model predicting independent infection of first and second intermediate larval stages coupled with the presence of rediae being the best predictor of metacercariae prevalence and intensity suggests that auto-infection by Echinostoma spp. cercariae is occurring in their molluscan hosts. Shell length was also found to be a significant predictor of metacercariae intensity in the snails hosts, but this is most likely attributed to larger snails being more commonly infected with Echinostoma spp. rediae as opposed to an increased likelihood of cercariae infection. Auto-infection as a life history strategy increases transmission success of the parasite, but may also have negative consequences for the parasite that necessitate auto-infection coupled with the release of cercariae to maximize transmission success and host survival.

THE MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY, AND LIFE HISTORY OF METORCHIS CONJUNCTUS (COBBOLD, 1860)

1944 ◽  
Vol 22d (1) ◽  
pp. 6-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. M. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Intermediate Host ◽  
The Common ◽  
First Intermediate Host

A trematode, widely distributed in Canada, and occurring in man and other fish-eating mammals, is described and its taxonomy discussed. Its life cycle has been worked out and it is shown to involve a snail, Amnicola limosa porata as first intermediate host and a fish, the common sucker (Catostomus commersonii) as the second intermediate host. The larval stages are described.

On the genus Holophryxus (Isopoda: Epicaridea), with description of the male and redescription of the female of Holophryxus acanthephyrae

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Jones ◽  
G. Smaldon
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Juvenile Stage ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

INTRODUCTIONAdults of the isopod genus Holophryxus (Dajidae) occur as ectoparasites on natant decapod crustaceans, but little is known of the ecology and life-history of most species. Species of Holophryxus are thought to have a typical dajid life cycle involving an intermediate host (copepod), a definitive host (prawn) and three larval stages (epicaridium, microniscus, cryptoniscus), and the one species for which details are available fits this pattern (Coyle & Mueller, 1981). The final host is infected by the cryptoniscus, a stage superficially resembling a cirolanid isopod, and the first cryptoniscus to settle loses its isopod-like appearance and develops through a juvenile stage into a rather inflated, highly modified female (Coyle & Mueller, 1981). Any subsequent settler becomes a male, retains the small cryptoniscus body form and lives within the marsupium of the female.

Pineus pineoides (Cholodkovsky) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on Red Spruce in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 720-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
North America ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Summer Generation ◽  
First Instar ◽  
First Time

AbstractPineus pineoides was found for the first time in North America in New Brunswick in 1948, on red spruce, Picea rubens Sarg. It is the first known species of Adelgidae in North America to complete its life cycle on spruce without producing galls or winged forms. The life history is compared with that in Europe. The first-instar nymph and the adult of the summer generation are described and compared with those from Europe.

Life History and Behaviour of Scelio calopteni Riley (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a Parasite of Grasshopper Eggs

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 1167-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pickford
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Melanoplus Sanguinipes ◽  
Complete Cycle ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Internal Parasite ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe life history and behaviour of Scelio calopteni Riley, an internal parasite of grasshopper eggs, is described. This insect was reared for the first time in the laboratory through one complete cycle. Newly emerged adults readily oviposited in eggs of Melanoplus sanguinipes F. By dechorionating the grasshopper eggs the developing stages of the parasite could be clearly observed.Although three larval stages have been reported by other authors for different species of Scelio, careful observations suggested only two in S. calopteni.

The behavior of nose bot flies (Cephenemyia apicata and C. jellisoni) when attacking black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and the resulting reactions of the deer

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 977-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus ◽  
Spotted Deer ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Cephenemyia Apicata ◽  
Cephenemyia Jellisoni

Larviposition behavior by Cephenemyia jellisoni involved a covert, inaudible hovering–"stalking" flight with attacking females usually remaining undetected until the moment of larviposition. In contrast. C. apicata landed on or near deer and became objects of attraction eliciting the curiosity of deer and causing them to orient to the fly in a position vulnerable to larviposition. The final phase of attack by C. jellisoni was initiated from a blind spot in front of. and below, the deer's nose, whereas visible C. apicata attacked from perched positions. After flies squirted larvae into deer's nostrils, deer jerked back their heads and sneezed as they simultaneously shook their heads and lowered their noses to the ground. A series of other post-larviposition behavioral responses of deer are described, as is their characteristic fly alert position and behavior. Encounters with C. apicata and C. jellisoni females that larviposited in their nostrils led to the recognition of these flies by educated deer and to their responding with anti-nose-bot-fly behavior resulting in their evading females attempting to tarviposit. Deer did not respond to flies presented for them to smell, but when tethered C. jellisoni hovered in view of experienced deer, deer exhibited the characteristic evasive reactions provoked when wild flies were spotted. Deer also responded similarly when Cephenemyia larvae were "finger inoculated" into their nostrils.

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