scholarly journals Evaluating the Effects of In Utero Heat Stress on Piglet Physiology and Behavior Following Weaning and Transport

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Byrd ◽  
Nichole Anderson ◽  
Drew Lugar ◽  
Timothy Safranski ◽  
Matthew Lucy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Drinking Behaviors ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
And Behavior

The study objective was to determine whether in utero heat stress (IUHS) affects piglet physiology and behavior following common production practices. A total of 12 gilts were confirmed pregnant and allocated to either heat stress (HS; n = 6) or thermoneutral (TN; n = 6) conditions on day 30–60 of gestation. At weaning (22.5 ± 2.3 days of age), 1 boar and 1 barrow of median weight were selected from each litter and transported for approximately 7 h. Piglets were then blocked into pens (n = 2/pen) by in utero treatment (IUHS (n = 12) or in utero thermoneutral (IUTN, n = 12)) and sexual status (boar (n = 6/in utero treatment) or barrow (n = 6/in utero treatment)). Plasma cortisol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin and glucose were evaluated 1 day prior to transport (pre-transport) and immediately after transport (post-transport). Behavioral data were collected on day 1–7 for 60 min at four different time points each day. In utero heat stressed piglets exhibited reduced cortisol concentrations compared to IUTN piglets immediately post-transport (p = 0.04). Glucose concentrations were not affected by in utero treatment. Insulin concentrations were reduced in IUTN piglets post-transport compared to pre-transport (p = 0.002), but no differences were detected for IUHS pigs. Non-esterified fatty acids tended to be reduced overall for IUHS vs. IUTN pigs (p = 0.08). Overall, IUHS piglets performed more drinking behaviors (p = 0.02) and tended to perform more aggressive behaviors (p = 0.07) than IUTN piglets in the 7 days post-transport. In summary, there was some evidence for altered physiological and behavioral responses among IUHS piglets compared to IUTN piglets following weaning and transport.

scholarly journals 235 Effects of rapamycin during an acute heat stress exposure in growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 117-117
Author(s):  
Edith J Mayorga ◽  
Erin A Horst ◽  
Brady M Goetz ◽  
Sonia Rodríguez-Jiménez ◽  
Megan A Abeyta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Acute Heat Stress ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Objectives were to determine the effects of rapamycin on biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation during acute heat stress (HS) in growing pigs. Crossbred barrows (n=32; 63.5±0.8 BW) where blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 therapeutic-environmental treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n=8; TNCtl), 2) TN and rapamycin (n=8; TNRapa), 3) HS control (n=8; HSCtl), or 4) HS and rapamycin (n=8; HSRapa). The trial consisted of 2 experimental periods (P). During P1 (10d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (21.3±0.01°C). During P2 (24h), HSCtl and HSRapa pigs were exposed to constant HS (35.5±0.1°C); while TNCtl and TNRapa remained in TN conditions. Rapamycin (0.15 mg/kg BW) was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 h) during P1 and P2. HS increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate compared to TN counterparts (1.28°C, 8.68°C, and 87 bpm, respectively; P< 0.01). Feed intake (FI) markedly decreased in HS relative to TN treatments (64%; P< 0.01). Additionally, pigs exposed to HS lost BW (4 kg; P< 0.01), while TN pigs gained BW (0.7 kg; P< 0.01). Overall, circulating white blood cells decreased in HS compared to TN pigs (19%; P=0.01). Circulating neutrophils did not differ across treatments; however, lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophils decreased in HS relative to TN pigs (23, 33, and 38%, respectively; P≤0.07). Despite marked changes in phenotypic parameters, circulating glucose and blood urea nitrogen did not differ among treatments (P >0.10). However, insulin:FI increased in HS relative to TN treatments (P=0.04). Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased in HS relative to TN treatments; although this difference was driven by increased NEFA in HSCtl compared to TN and HSRapa pigs (P< 0.01). In summary, pigs exposed to HS had altered phenotypic, metabolic, and leukocyte responses; however, rapamycin administration had little to no effect on any of the variables measured.

scholarly journals 234 In utero heat stress alters the postnatal immune and metabolic response of growing pigs subjected to a lipopolysaccharide challenge

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 116-116
Author(s):  
Jay S Johnson ◽  
Jacob M Maskal ◽  
Alan W Duttlinger ◽  
Kouassi R Kpodo ◽  
Betty R McConn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract In utero heat stress (IUHS) reduces swine productivity and welfare but little is known about the long-term impact on immune function. The study objective was to determine the effects of IUHS on the immune and metabolic response of pigs subjected to an 8 h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge during postnatal life. Twenty-four pregnant gilts were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; n = 12; 17.5 ± 2.1⁰C) or heat stress (HS; n = 12; cyclical 27°C-37°C) conditions from d 1 to 58 of gestation, and TN conditions from d 59 of gestation to farrowing. After farrowing, all piglets were housed under the same conditions. At 12 weeks post-farrowing, 16 IUHS and 16 in utero thermoneutral (IUTN) pigs were selected, balanced by sex and given an intravenous injection of LPS (2 µg/kg BW) or saline (SAL). Treatment combinations were: IUTN-SAL, IUTN-LPS, IUHS-SAL, IUHS-LPS. Body temperature was monitored in 30-min intervals and blood samples were obtained at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h. Blood was analyzed for glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and cytokine concentrations. Body temperature increased (P < 0.01; 1.05°C) in LPS versus SAL pigs, regardless of in utero treatment. Glucose concentrations were reduced overall (P = 0.05; 5.9%) in IUHS versus IUTN pigs. Non-esterified fatty acid concentrations tended to be greater (P = 0.07; 143.4%) in IUHS-LPS pigs compared to all other treatments, and IUTN-LPS pigs tended to have greater circulating NEFA concentrations (127.4%) compared to IUTN-SAL and IUHS-SAL pigs. At 1 h, TNFα was increased (P = 0.01; 115.1%) in IUHS-LPS compared to IUTN-LPS pigs. Overall, IL-1β and IL-6 were greater (P < 0.04; 56.0 and 46.8%, respectively) in IUHS-LPS compared IUTN-LPS pigs. In summary, IUHS altered the postnatal immune and metabolic response of pigs during postnatal life, which has negative implications towards future disease susceptibility.

scholarly journals 36 Evaluation and mitigation of the effects of in utero heat stress on pig performance following weaning and transport

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 40-40
Author(s):  
Jacob M Maskal ◽  
Alan W Duttlinger ◽  
Kouassi R Kpodo ◽  
Betty R McConn ◽  
Christopher Byrd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract In utero heat stress (IUHS) negatively affects swine productivity and is a growing concern for the swine industry. The study objective was to evaluate and mitigate the negative effects of IUHS on pig performance following weaning and transport. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that IUHS pigs would have reduced performance relative to in utero thermoneutral (IUTN) pigs due to greater maintenance costs and supplementing a nutrient-dense (ND) diet would improve IUHS pig performance to similar levels as IUTN pigs fed a common (C) diet. Therefore, 24 bred gilts were assigned to either thermoneutral (TN; n = 12; 17.5 ± 2.1°C) or heat stress (HS; n = 12; cyclical 27°C to 37°C) conditions for the first half of gestation (d1 to 58) and then TN conditions for the remainder of gestation. At weaning (16.2 ± 0.4 d), pigs (N = 160; 4.78 ± 0.15 kg BW) were transported (loading + transport + unloading) for approximately 12h. Pigs were then blocked into pens (n = 4 pigs/pen) by in utero and dietary treatments which were fed for 14 d (Period-1): IUTN-C (n = 10 pens), IUTN-ND (n = 10 pens), IUHS-C (n = 10 pens), IUHS-ND (n = 10 pens). Following Period-1, all pigs were fed the C diet from d15 to 35 post-weaning and transport (Period-2). Production measures were taken on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 post-weaning and transport to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. During Period-1, ADG was reduced overall (P = 0.03, 10.6%) for IUHS pigs compared to IUTN pigs. Pigs fed ND diets had reduced ADFI during Period-1 (P = 0.02, 8.8%) relative to C fed pigs, regardless of in utero treatment. During Period-2, ADFI was increased (P = 0.03, 4.7%) in ND versus C pigs, regardless of in utero treatment. In summary, increasing the nutrient density of the diet did not rescue the lost productivity of IUHS pigs as indicated by an overall reduction in ADG.

scholarly journals Evaluation and mitigation of the effects of in utero heat stress on piglet growth performance, postabsorptive metabolism, and stress response following weaning and transport

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob M Maskal ◽  
Alan W Duttlinger ◽  
Kouassi R Kpodo ◽  
Betty R McConn ◽  
Christopher J Byrd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids

Abstract In utero heat stress (IUHS) increases the energy requirements of pigs during postnatal life, and this may compound weaning and transport stress. The study objective was to evaluate and mitigate the negative effects of IUHS following weaning and transport through the provision of a nutrient-dense (ND) nursery diet formulated to meet the greater energy requirements of IUHS pigs during the first 14 d postweaning and transport. Twenty-four pregnant gilts were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; n = 12; 17.5 ± 2.1 °C) or heat stress (HS; n = 12; cycling 26 to 36 °C) conditions for the first half of gestation (day 6 to 59) and then TN conditions (20.9 ± 2.3 °C) until farrowing. Nine TN gilts and 12 HS gilts produced litters. At weaning (16.2 ± 0.4 d), mixed-sex piglets (N = 160; 4.78 ± 0.15 kg body weight [BW]) were transported (loading + transport + unloading) for 11 h 40 min. Following transport, piglets were blocked into pens (n = 4 pigs/pen) by in utero and dietary treatments: in utero thermoneutral (IUTN) + control (C) diet (n = 10 pens), IUTN + ND (n = 10 pens), IUHS + C (n = 10 pens), and IUHS + ND (n = 10 pens). Treatment diets were fed from day 1 to 14 postweaning and transport (period 1), and the C diet was fed to all pigs from day 14 to 35 postweaning and transport (period 2). Production measures were taken in 7 d intervals to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily net energy intake (ADEI), gain:feed, and gain:net energy intake. Blood samples were collected prior to transport, following transport, and on days 2, 7, 14, 28, and 35 postweaning and transport to analyze cortisol, glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids. Behavior was assessed through video-recording on days 3, 5, 8, 11, and 13 postweaning and transport. In period 1, ADG was reduced (P = 0.04; 20.0 g/d) in IUHS vs. IUTN pigs. Pigs fed ND diets had reduced ADFI (P = 0.02; 9.3%) compared with C diet-fed pigs during period 1, which resulted in similar ADEI (P = 0.23; 1,115 ± 35 kcal/d). During transport, cortisol was decreased (P = 0.03; 25.8%) in IUHS vs. IUTN pigs. On day 2, glucose was decreased (P = 0.01; 13.8%) in IUHS vs. IUTN pigs. No in utero treatment-related behavior differences were observed but lying was reduced (P = 0.03; 6.5%) and standing was increased (P = 0.04; 14.1%) in ND vs. C pigs overall. In summary, IUHS reduced growth performance in pigs following weaning and transport, and providing an ND diet did not rescue the lost performance.

scholarly journals 2 Evaluating the effects of a dietary strategy to mitigate the impact of in utero heat stress on biomarkers of post-absorptive metabolism and stress in pigs following weaning and transport

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Jacob M Maskal ◽  
Alan W Duttlinger ◽  
Kouassi R Kpodo ◽  
Betty R McConn ◽  
Christopher Byrd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In utero heat stress (IUHS) increases postnatal energy requirements of pigs, and this may exacerbate weaning and transport stress. The study objective was to evaluate the impact of providing a nutrient dense (ND) diet, which met the greater energy requirements of IUHS pigs, on biomarkers of post-absorptive metabolism and stress following weaning and transport. Twenty-four pregnant gilts were assigned to thermoneutral (n = 12; 17.5 ± 2.1°C) or heat stress (n = 12; cyclical 26°C to 36°C) conditions from gestation d 1 to 58, and then TN conditions until farrowing. At weaning (16.2 ± 0.4 d), mixed-sex piglets (n = 160; 4.78 ± 0.15 kg BW) were transported (loading + transport + unloading) for 11 h 40 min and then blocked into pens (n = 4 piglets/pen) by in utero and dietary treatments fed for 14 d (P1): in utero thermoneutral (IUTN) + control diet (C; n = 10 pens), IUTN + ND (n = 10 pens), IUHS + C (n = 10 pens), IUHS + ND (n = 10 pens). The C diet was fed to all pigs from d 15 to 35 post-weaning and transport (P2). One pig per pen was bled immediately pre-transport (Pre-T) and immediately post-transport (Post-T), and on d 2, 7, 14, 28, and 35 post-weaning and transport to analyze cortisol, glucose, insulin, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Overall, cortisol was decreased (P = 0.03; 25.8%) during transport in IUHS versus IUTN pigs. On d 2, glucose was decreased overall (P = 0.01; 13.5 mg/dL) in IUHS versus IUTN pigs, but no d 2 insulin (P = 0.76; 0.079 ± 0.011 ng/mL) or NEFA (P = 0.65; 810.3 ± 61.1 mEq/L) differences were detected. Insulin and insulin:glucose ratio were increased (P < 0.04; 0.076 ng/mL and 0.05, respectively) during P1 in ND versus C pigs. In summary, the physiological stress response and glucose levels were altered in IUHS versus IUTN pigs post-weaning and transport, but dietary treatment did not interact with in utero treatment.

Effect of Propolis-Supplemented Diet on Body Composition and Endocrine Function of Adipose Tissue

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
Maria Jesús Lisbona-González ◽  
Candela Reyes-Botella ◽  
Esther Muñoz-Soto ◽  
Maria Victoria Olmedo-Gaya, ◽  
Jorge Moreno-Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ and has central role in interaction with other organs or tissues while propolis can induce lipolysis. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide detailed information about adipose tissue homeostasis modifications and body composition during propolis supplement consumption. Twenty male Wistar albino rats (8 weeks) were divided into two groups of 10 animals each and fed for 90 days with two different types of diets: standard for the control group (diet C) and standard diet + 2% propolis (diet P). Thyroid hormones did not show differences, while ghrelin and adiponectin decreased in the group that was fed propolis. Insulin, leptin, and non-esterified fatty acids also increased along with reduced body weight and fat, in addition to increased lean mass when propolis was in the diet. We conclude that propolis could decrease ghrelin and adiponectin but increase non-esterified fatty acids and insulin secretion, which improves body composition.

scholarly journals 216 Thermoregulatory and physiological responses of sows at different reproductive stages exposed to increasing ambient temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
Betty R McConn ◽  
Alan W Duttlinger ◽  
Kouassi R Kpodo ◽  
Jacob M Maskal ◽  
Brianna N Gaskill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Cell Counts

Abstract Pregnant sows, especially during late-gestation, may be susceptible to heat stress due to increased metabolic heat production and body mass. Therefore, the study objective was to determine the thermoregulatory and physiological responses of sows exposed to increasing ambient temperature (TA) at 3 reproductive stages. In 3 repetitions, 27 multiparous sows (parity 3.22±0.89) were individually housed and had jugular catheters placed 5.0±1.0 d prior to the experiment. To differentiate between reproductive stages, sows were categorized as open (not pregnant, n=9), mid-gestation (59.7±9.6 days pregnant, n=9), or late-gestation (99.0±4.8 days pregnant, n=9). During the experiment, sows were exposed to 6 consecutive 1 h periods of increasing TA (period 1, 14.39±2.14°C; period 2, 16.20±1.39°C; period 3, 22.09±1.87°C; period 4, 26.34±1.39°C; period 5, 30.56±0.81°C; period 6, 35.07±0.96°C), with 1 h transition phases in between each period. Respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR), skin temperature, and vaginal temperature (TV) were measured every 20 min and the mean was calculated for each period. At the end of each period, blood gases, leukocytes, and red blood cell counts were measured. Overall, RR and HR were greater (P≤0.04; 45.6% and 12.9%, respectively) in late-gestation versus mid-gestation sows. Compared to mid-gestation and open sows, TV tended to be greater (P=0.06) during period 4 (0.18°C and 0.29°C, respectively) and period 5 (0.14°C and 0.18°C, respectively) in late-gestation sows. Blood O2 increased (P< 0.01; 18.1%) for all sows with advancing period, regardless of reproductive stage. Late-gestation sows had reduced (P=0.02; 16.1%) blood CO2 compared to mid-gestation sows, regardless of period. In summary, late-gestation sows appear to be more sensitive to increasing TA as indicated by increased RR, HR, TV, and blood O2, and reduced blood CO2 when compared to mid-gestation or open sows. This change in O2 and CO2, due to increasing RR and heat stress sensitivity of late-gestation sows, may suggest an alteration to the acid-base balance, leading to respiratory alkalosis.

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