Anaerobic induction of primary chemical attractancy for ambrosia beetles

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Causal Factor ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Fermentative Metabolism ◽  
Chemical Attractants ◽  
Anaerobic Induction

Experimental evidence supports a hypothesis that oxygen deficiency may be a causal factor in the formation of chemical attractants for the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier). Detectable attractancy can be induced by anaerobic conditions at 20 °C, imposed for 4 hours on fresh sapwood. Maximum attractancy develops within 24 hours of anaerobic processing. The hypothesis proposes that in a log or dying tree stagnation of the translocative and pneumatic systems leads to deficiency of oxygen at the active metabolic centers. The consequent change from oxidative to fermentative metabolism thus induces attractant formation.

The aligning effect of light flicker on phototaxis of the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier)

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Graham ◽  
Isabelle A. Moeck
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Chemical Attractants ◽  
Light Flicker ◽  
Effect Of Light

A light which was flickered at approximately 5 cycles per second provoked a more direct guided response in the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) than did a steady source of the same intensity. Among the principal implications are those which concern the use of the beetles in bioassay of chemical attractants in which light is used as an opposing stimulus. The light intensity should be at least stabilized, and preferably flickered at an appropriate frequency.

A FURTHER EVALUATION OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE PHEROMONES AND TWO HOST KAIROMONES OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLES TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM AND GNATHOTRICHUS SULCATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Shore ◽  
J. A. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Treatment Site ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Main Effects

AbstractA Latin square design field experiment using treatment, site, and occasion as main effects was set up in spring 1981 to assess the responses of Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) and Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) to traps baited with the pheromones lineatin and sulcatol alone and in combination with each other and with ethanol plus α-pinene. Addition of sulcatol to either lineatin or lineatin plus ethanol plus α-pinene resulted in significantly reduced catches of T. lineatum. Addition of ethanol plus α-pinene to sulcatol or lineatin resulted in significantly greater catches of both sexes of G. sulcatus and T. lineatum. These results suggest that separate traps be set out for each species in mass trapping suppression programs in timber processing areas and that ethanol and α-pinene be included with the pheromone to maximize catches of both of these ambrosia beetle species.

Factors Influencing the Distribution of Overwintering Ambrosia Beetles, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.)

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (9) ◽  
pp. 746-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. A. Dyer ◽  
J. M. Kinghorn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Selection Of

Previous work by Kinghorn and Chapman (1959) has shown that in coastal British Columbia, the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum hibernates in the forest litter or duff at various distances within forest edges in the vicinity of brood logs. It was pointed out that further study was required to determine the characteristics of the optimum hibernation sites. It was mentioned that stand density, shade, aspect, slope, and the nature of the duff might be factors controlling the selection of the place of hibernation. The base of trees and the relatively deeper duff, characteristic of this situation, was reported to be the location of the larger populations of hibernating beetles although the level of population was found to vary greatly both from tree to tree and in depth within different forest edges.

scholarly journals Ambrosia Beetles: A Multimillion Dollar Degrade Problem of Sawlogs in Coastal British Columbia

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McLean
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
The Future ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Ambrosia beetle degrade of sawlogs processed through the Vancouver log market in 1980/81 is calculated to be C$63.7 million. Similar losses can be expected in the future unless there are major changes in log inventory management. Gnathotrichus sulcatus was shown to penetrate Douglas-fir and western hemlock logs 3 cm and 8 cm respectively. The comparable figures for Trypodendron lineatum are 3 cm and 4 cm respectively. Factors that lead to the build up of ambrosia beetle populations in forest settings and processing areas must be identified to ensure maximum clearwood yield from logs.

Attack and Brood Production of Ambrosia Beetles in Logging Debris

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 624-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. A. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Brood Production ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Breeding Place ◽  
Extensive Damage

AbstractThe ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), causes extensive damage to logs in coastal British Columbia. The logging debris or slash felled in the autumn has been found to be an important breeding place for these beetles. The shaded sides of the larger pieces of slash sustained the greatest attacks and produced the most brood. The population increased about four-fold as a result of breeding in slash and this increase was estimated to be more than one quarter of a million beetles per acre on the areas investigated. A very large population of these beetles can develop each year in districts where autumn and winter felling is in progress.

Ethanol synthesis in Douglas-fir logs felled in November, January, and March and its relationship to ambrosia beetle attack

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 2096-2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick G. Kelsey
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Ethanol Synthesis

Phloem and sapwood from Douglas-fir, Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, logs felled in November, January, and March were sampled within 24 h of harvest and resampled on each subsequent felling date. In fresh logs, constitutive ethanol concentrations were similar among dates, but concentrations in the phloem were always greater than in the sapwood. In March, after 4 months on the ground, ethanol in November-felled logs had increased 4 times in the phloem and 83 times in the sapwood, which resulted in equal tissue concentrations. For January-felled logs, ethanol concentrations remained unchanged in log tops, but decreased in the bottoms and sides between January and March. α-Pinene concentrations did not differ among harvest dates or tissue types, but they did decrease when tissues respired anaerobically. When ambrosia beetles began attacking logs in March, tissues of November-felled logs contained the most ethanol. Attack densities of Trypodendronlineatum (Oliv.) and Gnathotrichusretusus (LeConte), counted in August, were highest in November-felled logs and lowest in March-felled logs and correlated with tissue ethanol concentrations from logs sampled in March. This beetle behavior is consistent with the expected response to a compound that functions as a beetle arrestant and attack stimulant. Absorption of rain, which could interfere with gas exchange between the atmosphere and log tissues, probably contributed to the establishment of anaerobic conditions in the logs.

LINEATIN ENANTIOMER PREFERENCE, FLIGHT PERIODS, AND EFFECT OF PHEROMONE CONCENTRATION AND TRAP LENGTH ON THREE SYMPATRIC SPECIES OF TRYPODENDRON (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 877-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Lindgren ◽  
S.E.R. Hoover ◽  
A.M. MacIsaac ◽  
C.I. Keeling ◽  
K.N. Slessor
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Temporal Separation ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Pheromone Concentration

AbstractThe effects of lineatin enantiomer ratios, lineatin release rate, and trap length on catches and the flight periods of three sympatric species of Trypodendron Stephens were investigated in field bioassays using multiple-funnel traps. The ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron betulae Swaine, was caught in similar numbers in baited traps and blank control traps, showing that this species does not respond to lineatin. Our results confirmed that Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) is attracted only to (+)-lineatin. Trypodendron rufitarsus (Kirby) and Trypodendron retusum (LeConte) were shown to utilize lineatin and like T. lineatum were caught only when (+)-lineatin was present. These results indicate that lineatin does not govern reproductive isolation among these three species. There was no effect by (+)-lineatin release rate within the range tested. The flight of T. rufitarsus commenced earlier and ceased before the peak of the T. lineatum flight, suggesting that temporal separation may be an important component of reproductive isolation between these two species. The flight period of T. retusum was similar to that of T. lineatum. Host odours may aid in reproductive isolation of these two species. Enantiomer blend did not significantly affect sex ratio in any species; however, sex ratio differed among species, indicating that different species responded differently to the traps or that natural sex ratios differ. Catches of T. rufitarsus and T. retusum increased with trap length when pheromone release per trap was held constant and when release was held constant relative to trap length. Trap length and release rate did not affect sex ratio.

THE EFFECT OF MALE TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ON THE RESPONSE OF FIELD POPULATIONS TO SECONDARY ATTRACTION

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Nijholt
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Substance ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Field Response ◽  
Secondary Attraction

AbstractThe strong attractiveness of logs infested with female ambrosia beetles, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), to the flying population was sharply reduced after the addition of males. The field response of T. lineatum was greatly reduced when air from logs infested with attractive females was mixed with air passing over logs infested with both sexes. The findings suggest that females keep producing the attracting principle in the presence of males. Males appear to reduce secondary attraction by producing a volatile substance(s) which may be anti-aggregating or repellent in its effect.

Semiochemical-based integrated pest management of ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in British Columbia’s forest industry: implemented in 1982 and still running

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
John H. Borden ◽  
Eveline Stokkink
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Programme ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Tolerable Level

AbstractThree species of ambrosia beetles (Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier), Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte), and G. retusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)) have been estimated to cause annual losses of $95–$189 million in degrade of logs and lumber on the British Columbia coast, in Canada. A consultant-run semiochemical-based integrated pest management programme was implemented in 1982 against these beetles, following fulfilment of four prerequisites: (1) presence of receptive potential clients, (2) availability of semiochemical lures, (3) invention of an operational trap, and (4) proof of concept of mass trapping technology. The programme is based on two broad strategies: maintain the problem at a tolerable level and, if necessary, reduce the problem to a tolerable level. One measure of effectiveness over 12 years of mass trapping at a dryland sort near Sooke, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, was 16.4 million beetles trapped and an estimated five to one benefit-to-cost ratio. Despite success, several factors have conspired to reduce the programme from 50 sites serviced in early years to 7 in 2018. Timber companies in British Columbia are currently showing renewed interest and are taking steps to incorporate the integrated pest management programme as a formal component of their overall operations.

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