Ethanol synthesis in Douglas-fir logs felled in November, January, and March and its relationship to ambrosia beetle attack

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 2096-2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick G. Kelsey
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Ethanol Synthesis

Phloem and sapwood from Douglas-fir, Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, logs felled in November, January, and March were sampled within 24 h of harvest and resampled on each subsequent felling date. In fresh logs, constitutive ethanol concentrations were similar among dates, but concentrations in the phloem were always greater than in the sapwood. In March, after 4 months on the ground, ethanol in November-felled logs had increased 4 times in the phloem and 83 times in the sapwood, which resulted in equal tissue concentrations. For January-felled logs, ethanol concentrations remained unchanged in log tops, but decreased in the bottoms and sides between January and March. α-Pinene concentrations did not differ among harvest dates or tissue types, but they did decrease when tissues respired anaerobically. When ambrosia beetles began attacking logs in March, tissues of November-felled logs contained the most ethanol. Attack densities of Trypodendronlineatum (Oliv.) and Gnathotrichusretusus (LeConte), counted in August, were highest in November-felled logs and lowest in March-felled logs and correlated with tissue ethanol concentrations from logs sampled in March. This beetle behavior is consistent with the expected response to a compound that functions as a beetle arrestant and attack stimulant. Absorption of rain, which could interfere with gas exchange between the atmosphere and log tissues, probably contributed to the establishment of anaerobic conditions in the logs.

Anaerobic induction of primary chemical attractancy for ambrosia beetles

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Causal Factor ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Fermentative Metabolism ◽  
Chemical Attractants ◽  
Anaerobic Induction

Experimental evidence supports a hypothesis that oxygen deficiency may be a causal factor in the formation of chemical attractants for the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier). Detectable attractancy can be induced by anaerobic conditions at 20 °C, imposed for 4 hours on fresh sapwood. Maximum attractancy develops within 24 hours of anaerobic processing. The hypothesis proposes that in a log or dying tree stagnation of the translocative and pneumatic systems leads to deficiency of oxygen at the active metabolic centers. The consequent change from oxidative to fermentative metabolism thus induces attractant formation.

scholarly journals Ambrosia Beetles: A Multimillion Dollar Degrade Problem of Sawlogs in Coastal British Columbia

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McLean
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
The Future ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Ambrosia beetle degrade of sawlogs processed through the Vancouver log market in 1980/81 is calculated to be C$63.7 million. Similar losses can be expected in the future unless there are major changes in log inventory management. Gnathotrichus sulcatus was shown to penetrate Douglas-fir and western hemlock logs 3 cm and 8 cm respectively. The comparable figures for Trypodendron lineatum are 3 cm and 4 cm respectively. Factors that lead to the build up of ambrosia beetle populations in forest settings and processing areas must be identified to ensure maximum clearwood yield from logs.

scholarly journals Long-Lasting Insecticide Netting for Protecting Tree Stems from Attack by Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Ranger ◽  
Christopher T. Werle ◽  
Peter B. Schultz ◽  
Karla M. Addesso ◽  
Jason B. Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Junction Trees ◽  
Eastern Redbud ◽  
Wood Boring ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are destructive wood-boring insects of horticultural trees. We evaluated long-lasting insecticide netting for protecting stems against ambrosia beetles. Container-grown eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis, trees were flood-stressed to induce ambrosia beetle attacks, and deltamethrin-treated netting was wrapped from the base of the stem vertically to the branch junction. Trees were deployed under field conditions in Ohio, Virginia, Tennessee, and Mississippi with the following treatments: (1) flooded tree; (2) flooded tree with untreated netting; (3) flooded tree with treated ‘standard mesh’ netting of 24 holes/cm2; (4) flooded tree with treated ‘fine mesh’ netting of 28 holes/cm2; and/or (5) non-flooded tree. Treated netting reduced attacks compared to untreated netting and/or unprotected trees in Mississippi in 2017, Ohio and Tennessee in 2018, and Virginia in 2017–2018. Inconsistent effects occurred in Mississippi in 2018. Fewer Anisandrus maiche, Xylosandrus germanus, and Xyleborinus saxesenii were dissected from trees deployed in Ohio protected with treated netting compared to untreated netting; trees deployed in other locations were not dissected. These results indicate long-lasting insecticide netting can provide some protection of trees from ambrosia beetle attacks.

scholarly journals The Risk of Bark and Ambrosia Beetles Associated with Imported Non-Coniferous Wood and Potential Horizontal Phytosanitary Measures

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Fabienne Grousset ◽  
Jean-Claude Grégoire ◽  
Hervé Jactel ◽  
Andrea Battisti ◽  
Anita Benko Beloglavec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Full Detail ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures ◽  
Coniferous Wood

Many bark and ambrosia beetle species (Coleoptera: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) are known to have spread worldwide in relation to international trade. Concerns have been expressed within the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) about recent introductions of non-indigenous species of these groups. Regulation of the non-coniferous wood trade into many EPPO member countries is currently not sufficient to cover such risks. In 2018–2019, an EPPO study on the risk of bark and ambrosia beetles associated with imported non-coniferous wood was carried out, and the key characteristics contributing to the pest risk from introduced species were determined using expert consensus. This paper summarizes the key findings of the study, which are available in full detail on the EPPO website. The study identified biological and other risk factors and illustrated them with examples from 26 beetle species or groups of species known to be invasive or posing a threat to plant health. These representative species were classified into three categories based on known damage and level of uncertainty. In the present article, factorial discriminant analyses were used to identify features of bark and ambrosia beetle biology associated with damage caused and invasiveness. Based on the information assembled and consideration of the risk factors, it was recommended that in order to prevent the introduction of new bark and ambrosia beetles via non-coniferous wood commodities, horizontal phytosanitary measures should be adopted, irrespective of the host plant species and the origin (i.e., for all genera of non-coniferous woody plants and from all origins). Phytosanitary measures are presented here for various wood commodities.

Comparison of different modelling strategies for simulating gas exchange of a Douglas-fir forest

2002 ◽  
Vol 158 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T van Wijk ◽  
W Bouten ◽  
J.M Verstraten
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Modelling Strategies

Flight and Attack of the Ambrosia Beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) in Relation to Felling Date of Logs

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. A. Dyer ◽  
J. A. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Brood Rearing

AbstractLog preference of the ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was studied by flight traps, attack density counts, and forced attacks, on 200 Douglas fir felled over a ten-month period. During heavy spring flights in late May, the beetles attacked logs from the August through January fellings, but not those cut February through May. At the end of the first brood-rearing period, parts of logs protected by plastic sheeting from earlier flights were attacked in this same pattern. Beetles confined on logs at different times attacked in essentially the same way as free beetles. It is concluded that felling date greatly influences subsequent attack. However, there was considerable variability in attack within groups of trees cut the same dates. Furthermore, attack on very short (1- and 3-foot) sections from the February fellings, when the corresponding logs were unattractive, showed that a factor other than time of felling also influenced log attractiveness. Some information was secured on flight and attack of other scolytid beetles in relation to felling date of logs.

Photosynthesis and transpiration in large forest-grown Douglas-fir: interactions with apical control

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2568-2576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry W. Leverenz
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
Apical Control ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Gas Exchange System

Net photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal and residual conductances for current-year shoots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were measured in an open gas exchange system. Terminal shoots of branches and branchlets had larger stomatal and residual conductances, and net photosynthetic and transpiration rates than neighboring lateral shoots under conditions which did not limit gas exchange. The differences between terminal and lateral shoots occurred in both exposed and shaded branches and in trees of different dominance classes. For most of the study, current-year lateral shoots were lighter green than terminal shoots. There were no significant differences in shoot water potential or in the microenvironment between terminal and lateral shoots.Effects of apical control on gas exchange rates were strong in shoots subtending the dominant terminal shoot. These effects were not apparent four whorls from the terminal shoot, in agreement with the hypothesis that apical control can not be exerted at long distances from terminal shoots.

scholarly journals Ambrosia Beetles Prefer Closed Canopies: A Case Study in Oak Forests in Central Europe

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1223
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Holuša ◽  
Tomáš Fiala ◽  
Jiří Foit
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Ambrosia Fungi ◽  
Oak Trees

Research Highlights: The percentage of canopy closure was found to be the main factor associated with ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness. The latter two variables increased as canopy closure increased, probably because a high percentage of canopy closure provides a stable and humid environment suitable for the growth of ambrosia fungi. Objectives: Oak is a common host tree for ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), which have independently evolved a nutritional mutualism with fungi. We suspected that ambrosia beetles might have specific habitat preferences that are different from those of other saproxylic beetles and that reflect the specific habitat preferences of their food, i.e., ambrosia fungi. Methods: We assessed ambrosia beetle abundance with ethanol-lured traps in five old-growth oak dominated forests and five managed oak dominated forests (one trap per forest) during the vegetation period in 2020. We determined whether ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness depend on forest type (managed vs. unmanaged), degree of canopy closure, abundance of oak trees, abundance of coarse deadwood, and abundance of dead oak branches. Results: In total, 4137 individuals of six species of ambrosia beetles associated with oaks were captured. The native ambrosia beetle Anisandrus dispar represented the majority of trapped ambrosia bark beetles. A. dispar along with another ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus saxesenii, represented 99% of all captured beetles. Conclusions: In addition to canopy closure, the abundance of oak trees and the abundance of dead oak branches were significantly associated with ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness. The abundance of A. dispar was mainly correlated with dead oak branch abundance and the degree of canopy closure, whereas the abundances of X. saxesenii and of the invasive species Xyleborinus attenuatus and Cyclorhipidion bodoanum were mainly correlated with the net area occupied by oak trees.

scholarly journals Co-occurrence variation explains the low host dependence of ambrosia beetles along altitude gradients in SW China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Luo ◽  
LINGZENG MENG ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Yan-Hong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Hierarchical Modeling ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Climatic Gradient ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles

Abstract Background Separation of biotic and abiotic impacts on species diversity distribution patterns across a significant climatic gradient is a challenge in the study of diversity maintenance mechanisms. The basic task is to reconcile scale-dependent effects of abiotic and biotic processes on species distribution models. However, Eltonian noise hypothesis predicted that the effects of biotic interactions will be averaged out at macroscales, and there are many empirical observations that biotic interactions would constrain species distributions at micro-ecological scales. Here, we used a hierarchical modeling method to detect the host specificities of ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae and Platypodinae) with their dependent tree communities across a steep climatic gradient, which was embedded within a relatively homogenous spatial niche. Results Species turnover of both trees and ambrosia beetles have a relatively similar pattern, characterized by the climatic proxy at a regional scale, but not at local scales. This pattern confirmed the Eltonian noise hypothesis wherein emphasis was on influences of macro-climate on local biotic interactions between trees and hosted ambrosia beetle communities, whereas local biotic relations, represented by host specificity dependence, were regionally conserved. Conclusions At a confined spatial scale, cross-taxa comparisons of co-occurrence highlighted the importance of the organism’s dispersal. The effects of tree abundance and phylogeny diversity on ambrosia beetle diversity were, to a large extent, indirect, operating via changes in ambrosia beetle abundance through spatial and temporal dynamics of resources distribution. Tree host dependence plays a minor role on the hosted ambrosia beetle community in this concealed wood decomposing interacting system.

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