MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE MALE NYGOLAIMUS AQUATICUS THORNE, 1930

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 725-732
Author(s):  
V. M. Das
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Excretory System ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Cuticular Structure ◽  
Whole Mounts

The anatomy of males of Nygolaimus aquaticus Thorne, 1930, collected from Blackburn, Ontario, is described. Descriptions are based on whole mounts and also on serial sections. Specimens embedded in paraffin were cut in sections 9 μ in thickness and stained with haematoxylin and eosin.Special emphasis is given to cuticular structure, such as median pores, lateral pores, hemizonid, and transverse and longitudinal striations, which are described and illustrated. Besides these structures, other organ systems of the body, such as digestive system, excretory system, nervous system, and reproductive organs, have also been described and illustrated.

The internal anatomy of the woodlouse, Metoponorthus pruinosus (Brandt), (Porcellionidae, Peracarida)

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Alikhan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Digestive Glands

Tbe circulatory system, lying in the mid-dorsal line of the body, consists of an oval heart, the opthalmic artery, and a dorsal abdominal artery.The digestive system comprises a wide, large alimentary tube and two pairs of digestive glands. An oesophagus, a proventriculus, midgut, and a short proctodacum or hindgut form the digestive tube. The digestive glands are very well developed and are beaded in form; each pair lies on either side of the alimentary canal.The reproductive organs are well developed in both sexes: in the male they consist of paired testes and their vas deferentia, and in the female paired bilobed ovaries and oviducts.A cerebral or supraoesophageal ganglion, a suboesophageal ganglion, and seven thoracic ganglia form the nervous system. The supraoesophageal ganglion is united with the suboesophageal ganglion by means of the circumoesophageal commissures, whereas the thoracic ganglia and suboesophageal ganglia are linked with each other by paired connectives.The gills and the tracheae are the organs of respiration. The gills are borne of the bases of the pleopods and are enclosed in the branchial chamber. The tracheae are located on the lateral lobes of the first two pleopods only.

Organogenesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-112
Author(s):  
Günther Loose ◽  
Günter Vogt ◽  
Mireille Charmantier-Daures ◽  
Guy Charmantier ◽  
Steffen Harzsch
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Mode Of Development

This chapter reviews the development of the major organ systems in crustaceans, including musculature, nervous system, circulatory system, digestive system, osmoregulatory system, excretory system, reproductive system, and sensory organs. It describes the morphological unfolding of these organ systems, which generally follows cleavage, gastrulation, and segmentation in the course of ontogeny. Particular emphasis is given to the organ-specific temporal dynamics of development, the onset of functionality, and possible correlations with developmental mode, life history, and ecology. The anatomy and cellular characteristics of developing organs are generally better investigated than aspects of physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Investigations in different crustaceans revealed that the speed of development of the various organ systems varies considerably within an individual and between species. As a rule of thumb, anlagen of the nervous tissue, muscular tissue, digestive system, and excretory organs appear first, followed by the circulatory system. Osmoregulatory organs are formed later. The reproductive organs are the last to emerge and to become functional. The mode of development, behavior, and ecology of the postembryonic stages seem to be major determinants that influence the speed differences of organogenesis. This is reflected by timing differences in development of the digestive system between directly and indirectly developing representatives or species with or without lecithotrophic larvae. Other features of the dynamics of organogenesis suggest evolutionary constraints, such as the delayed development of the nervous system in postnaupliar, relative to naupliar, segments in some species. Mechanistic constraints may be involved in heart development and development of nontransitory osmoregulatory organs.

Summing Up

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Successful Behavior ◽  
The Brain

A major challenge in neuroscience today is to decipher the operating principle of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in the same straightforward way that biologists have come to understand the functions of other organs and organ systems (e.g., the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, and so on). The argument here has been that the function of nervous systems is to make, maintain, and modify neural associations that ultimately promote survival and reproduction in a world that sensory systems can’t apprehend. In this way, we and other animals can link the subjective domain of perception to successful behavior without ever recovering the properties of the world. Neural function on a wholly empirical basis may be the key to understanding how brains operate.

Central nervous system pathologies and anaesthesia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Gill ◽  
Michael H. Nathanson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Neurological Conditions

Anaesthesia induces changes in many organ systems within the body, though clearly none more so than the central nervous system. The physiology of the normal central nervous system is complex and the addition of chronic pathology and polypharmacy creates a significant challenge for the anaesthetist. This chapter demonstrates a common approach for the anaesthetist and specific considerations for a wide range of neurological conditions. Detailed preoperative assessment is essential to gain understanding of the current symptomatology and neurological deficit, including at times restrictions on movement and position. Some conditions may pose challenges relating to communication, capacity, and consent. As part of the consent process, patients may worry that an anaesthetic may aggravate or worsen their neurological disease. There is little evidence to support this understandable concern; however, the risks and benefits must be considered on an individual patient basis. The conduct of anaesthesia may involve a preference for general or regional anaesthesia and requires careful consideration of the pharmacological and physiological impact on the patient and their disease. Interactions between regular medications and anaesthetic drugs are common. Chronically denervated muscle may induce hyperkalaemia after administration of succinylcholine. Other patients may have an altered response to non-depolarizing agents, such as those suffering from myasthenia gravis. The most common neurological condition encountered is epilepsy. This requires consideration of the patient’s antiepileptic drugs, often relating to hepatic enzyme induction or less commonly inhibition and competition for protein binding, and the effect of the anaesthetic technique and drugs on the patient’s seizure risk. Postoperative care may need to take place in a high dependency unit, especially in those with limited preoperative reserve or markers of frailty, and where the gastrointestinal tract has been compromised, alternative routes of drug delivery need to be considered. Overall, patients with chronic neurological conditions require careful assessment and preparation, a considered technique with attention to detail, and often higher levels of care during their immediate postoperative period.

scholarly journals Revisiting kinorhynch segmentation: variation of segmental patterns in the nervous system of three aberrant species

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Herranz ◽  
Taeseo Park ◽  
Maikon Di Domenico ◽  
Brian S. Leander ◽  
Martin V. Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
Morphological Disparity ◽  
Spatial Correspondence ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Anterior Posterior Axis

Abstract Background Kinorhynch segmentation differs from the patterns found in Chordata, Arthropoda and Annelida which have coeloms and circulatory systems. Due to these differences and their obsolete status as ‘Aschelminthes’, the microscopic kinorhynchs are often not acknowledged as segmented bilaterians. Yet, morphological studies have shown a conserved segmental arrangement of ectodermal and mesodermal organ systems with spatial correspondence along the anterior-posterior axis. However, a few aberrant kinorhynch lineages present a worm-like body plan with thin cuticle and less distinct segmentation, and thus their study may aid to shed new light on the evolution of segmental patterns within Kinorhyncha. Results Here we found the nervous system in the aberrant Cateria styx and Franciscideres kalenesos to be clearly segmental, and similar to those of non-aberrant kinorhynchs; hereby not mirroring their otherwise aberrant and posteriorly shifted myoanatomy. In Zelinkaderes yong, however, the segmental arrangement of the nervous system is also shifted posteriorly and misaligned with respect to the cuticular segmentation. Conclusions The morphological disparity together with the distant phylogenetic positions of F. kalenesos, C. styx and Z. yong support a convergent origin of aberrant appearances and segmental mismatches within Kinorhyncha.

Morphofunctional Characteristics of Individual Organs of the Human Digestive System

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
V. H. Hryn ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Morphological Aspect ◽  
Bibliographic Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Medicine ◽  
Domestic Literature ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Human Digestive System

Today, the growing trend of the prevalence of diseases of the digestive system is a very important issue not only in Ukraine but also around the world. This problem applies not only to practical areas of health care, but also to theoretical medicine. The study of the anatomical structure and functional state of the digestive system is the theoretical basis for the extrapolation of various pathological conditions in laboratory animals. Analysis of scientific sources showed a lack of comprehensive morphological studies of the human digestive system. The purpose of the paper was to study the features of some organs of the human digestive system in the morphological aspect by bibliographic analysis of literature. Materials and methods. This bibliographic analysis is based on published peer-reviewed articles, books, textbooks, monographs, abstracts of dissertations. For the purposes of this systematic review, literature search (concerning the study of the structure of the human digestive system) was carried out on the Internet, domestic literature sources, scientific and electronic libraries of Poltava State Medical University by the following keywords: "digestive system", "morphology", "gastrointestinal tract", "colon", "cаecum", "embryonic development of the digestive system". Results and discussion. Digestive system (Latin «systema digestorium») is a system of organs of various structures and functions formed in phylogeny, the importance of which lies in the perception, mechanical and chemical (enzymatic) processing and absorption of nutrients needed to compensate for energy and material costs in the body. Conclusion. Significant progress has been made in understanding the development of the human digestive system over the past two decades. The human digestive system is formed in phylogeny community of similar in structure and function of organs, the importance of which is the digestion of food, mechanical and enzymatic breakdown, absorption of breakdown products into the internal environment of the body and their transport to the liver. The structure of the gastric mucosa is well thought out for secretion and protection against low pH of gastric contents, which is regulated by hydrochloric acid. The pancreas, like the gland of external secretion, produces many digestive enzymes in an inactive form. Activation usually occurs in the lumen of the small intestine. The liver receives most of the nutrients absorbed through the portal vein and then uses them to synthesize many larger molecules

Contribution to the morphological description of the marine leech, Ozobranchus margoi (Apáthy) (Rhynchobdellida: Ozobranchidae) by using combined histology, micro-CT and SEM

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4337 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA CHIARA CASCARANO ◽  
KLEONIKI KEKLIKOGLOU ◽  
CHRISTOS ARVANITIDIS ◽  
PANTELIS KATHARIOS
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Loggerhead Turtle ◽  
Caretta Caretta ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Scanning Electronic Microscopy ◽  
Electronic Microscopy ◽  
Multilevel Approach

The ozobranchid leech, Ozobranchus margoi (Apáthy, 1890), parasite of the loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta (Linnæus), was described through a multilevel approach including three different techniques: scanning electronic microscopy, histology and micro-CT. New insights are provided concerning the structure of the sensilla on the body, the eyes with emphasis on the structure of photoreceptors, the digestive system and the reproductive organs. 

The anatomy of Köllikeria filicollis (Rudolphi, 1819), Cobbold, 1860 (Trematoda: Digenea) showing that the sexes are not entirely separate as hitherto believed

Parasitology ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Harford Williams
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
Excretory System ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Digenetic Trematodes

The anatomy of Köllikeria filicollis (Rudolphi, 1819), Cobbold, 1860 (Trematoda: Digenea) is described in detail.An account is given of the integument and musculature of the worm and the structure of the cyst in which it is found, followed by a discussion of the body wall in other digenetic trematodes. The alimentary canal, excretory system, nervous system and genitalia are also described.The study shows that the sexes are not entirely separate in all members of the genus Köllikeria as hitherto believed.The systematic position of K. filicollis is discussed and a specific diagnosis is given for the species.

STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF FEMALE EUDORYLAIMUS OBSCURUS (THORNE AND SWANGER, 1936) ANDRÁSSY, 1959

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Das
Keyword(s):  
Slight Modification ◽  
Silver Impregnation ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Cuticular Structures ◽  
Whole Mounts

The anatomy of Eudorylaimus obscurus is described from whole mounts and serial sections. The description is based on living nematodes, using intravital stains, and preserved specimens mounted in glycerine. Serial sections were prepared from specimens embedded in wax and the sections subsequently stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Cajal's silver-impregnation method with slight modification was used with useful results.In this study, particular attention is given to the cuticular structures, i.e., transverse striae, longitudinal striae, lateral fields, lateral pores, median pores, and hemizonid, which are illustrated and described. In addition to these, reproductive, excretory, and other organ systems are also described and illustrated.

scholarly journals Analysis of the impact of organochlorine compounds contained in the water network of the domestic water supply on the health of population in cities of the Perm Krai

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
A. S. Sboev ◽  
Christina V. Romanenko
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Organochlorine Compounds ◽  
Excretory System ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Perm Region

The article presents the analysis of the impact of drinking water organochlorine compounds on the population health (Perm region). Results of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment for population of the city of Perm and the Perm region under the chronic oral exposure of organochlorine compounds in drinking water are presented. Real concentrations of organochlorine compounds in drinking water were determined to be potent of emerging an unacceptable risk of diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system, hormone system, excretory system, central nervous system and the blood system. According to the results of epidemiological studies there was established the statistically significant relation between the consumption of water containing organochlorine compounds and the development of diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system, central nervous system, and excretory system.

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