INVESTIGATIONS OF THE MODE OF ACTION OF STRAINS OFBACILLUS CEREUSFR. AND FR. PATHOGENIC FOR THE LARCH SAWFLY,PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII(HTG.)

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Heimpel
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Genus Bacillus ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Tissue Degeneration ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Histopathological Evidence

There is a significant correlation between the pathogenicity for the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. strains and their respective abilities to produce lecithinase. Species of the genus Bacillus that are incapable of producing lecithinase are not pathogenic for the larch sawfly. Histopathological evidence of toxemia during the progress of B. cereus infection of the sawfly larvae is presented and it is noted that the tissue degeneration is not of the type usually associated with proteolytic or lipolytic activity. Finally, approximately three micrograms of a lecithinase preparation (containing. approximately 21 mouse LD50per milligram) was found to be the LD50for the fifth-instar larva of the larch sawfly. The main conclusion drawn from this evidence is that lecithinase plays an important role in the invasion and destruction of infected larch sawfly larvae.

THE pH IN THE GUT AND BLOOD OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.), AND OTHER INSECTS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PATHOGENICITY OF BACILLUS CEREUS FR. AND FR.

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Heimpel
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
Optimum Activity ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Gut Ph

Regional pH measurements in the gut and the blood of 11 species of Hymenoptera and two of Lepidoptera were made. The larvae were examined in their later instars, after ecdysis, after starvation, or as mature larvae. The gut pH was found to change regionally during development and under these different conditions, but the blood pH tended to remain relatively unchanged. The pH in the gut and of the blood of the larch sawfly was found to be close to the optimum for good growth of B. cereus and was within the optimum activity range of the enzyme lecithinase in the anterior two thirds of the mid-gut and in the blood. This apparently holds for most of the sawfly species examined and for Carpocapsa pomonella, but not for those Lepidoptera examined herein.

Effects of Defoliation on Survival of Larvae of the Larch Sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 887-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. H. Ives
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Larval Movement

AbstractThe searching behaviour of fifth-instar larch sawfly larvae on artificially defoliated tamarack branches and trees is discussed. Local defoliation is shown to be capable of causing appreciable mortality among early-instar larvae if feeding damage by earlier colonies forces them to wander in search of food. Air temperature affects the distance and rate of such larval movement. A considerable proportion of dislodged fifth-instar larvae are able to reach foliage and resume feeding on nearby host trees.

A Strain of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. Pathogenic for the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Heimpel
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
The Mean

AbstractA strain of Bacillus cereus (Pr-1017) was isolated from dead and dying larvae of the larch sawfly. Laboratory and field feeding tests resulted in mortalities as high as 60 per cent and 38 per cent, respectively.A positive correlation between the incidence of mortality and the mean daily temperatures was obtained in the field experiments.

HOST DERIVED CHEMICALS: THE BASIS FOR PREFERENTIAL FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), ON TAMARACK, LARIX LARICINA

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Wagner ◽  
T. Ikeda ◽  
D. M. Benjamin ◽  
F. Matsumura
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Preferential Feeding

AbstractLarch sawfly larvae, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), naturally reject single needles of newly elongated shoots and consume only tufted foliage from 1 year or older short shoots of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. Forest entomologists have recognized this unusual feeding behavior for over a century, but not until now has the mechanism been understood. In the bioassasy of unpurified single needle methanol extracts (concn. 1 g needle/ml), 88.5% of the larvae were feeding on the control end of the bioassay twig (solvent only) after 4 h. This was significantly different from a similar bioassay of tufted foliage extract (t-value significant at 0.02 level) and a non-treated control bioassay (distilled water on both ends of bioassay twig) (t-value significant at 0.01 level). In the bioassay of a purified extract of single tamarack needles (TLC fraction 7), 81% of larvae were feeding on the untreated end (t-value significant 0.02). Thin-layer chromatography fraction 7, of eight fractions delineated, alone induced significant feeding inhibition.

Influence of Plants other than the Food Plants of their Host on Host-Finding by Tachinid Parasites

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (9) ◽  
pp. 641-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
High Degree

Earlier work indicated that food plants of the tenthredinid sawflies attacked by Drino bohemica Mesn. and Bessa harveyi Tns. influence host-finding by these tachinid parasites (Monteith, 1955, 1958a). There is a high degree of interaction between stimuli produced by the host larvae and by their food plants (Monteith, 1955, 1958b).It was observed during field studies that the percentage parastism by B. harveyi of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), varied with increasing height above the ground and in different sections of tamarack trees, Larix larician (DuRoi) K. Koch, on which the sawfly larvae were feeding. It appeared that shrubs and trees other than L. laricina influenced host-finding by B. harveyi.

THE NATURAL IMMUNITY OF THE LARCH SAWFLY (PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.)) TO THE INTRODUCED PARASITE MESOLEIUS TENTHREDINIS MORLEY, IN MANITOBA AND SASKATCHEWAN

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Muldrew
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Effective Inhibition ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Immunity Reaction

By 1945 it was suspected that the larch sawfly in Saskatchewan and Manitoba had developed an immunity to the introduced parasite Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley. Results of subsequent studies showed that embryonic development of M. tenthredinis in sawfly larvae from Manitoba and Saskatchewan was inhibited three to four days after oviposition. No such inhibition occurred in larvae from British Columbia where the parasite is still highly effective. Inhibition seemed to be related to the deposition of phagocytic capsules around parasite embryos, which occurred in host larvae from Manitoba and Saskatchewan but not in larvae from British Columbia. Encapsulated parasite embryos were shown to be viable, for a number of them hatched after being placed in Ringer's solution. Viability decreased with age. Some embryos were viable seven months after oviposition, though the normal incubation period is 7 to 10 days. Unencapsulated embryos developed more rapidly than encapsulated embryos in Ringer's solution. Results obtained indicate that the phagocytes of the larch sawfly from Manitoba and Saskatchewan play an important role in the immunity reaction of this insect to M. tenthredinis.

A Note on the Occurrence of the Larch Sawfly in Alaska

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 671-672
Author(s):  
Donald C. Schmiege
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly

Larvae of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), were collected in Alaska in 1965. This is the first record of this insect in Alaska. On 26 and 27 July 1965, stands of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, were examined at 16 locations along the Richardson Highway southeast of Fairbanks. Larch sawfly larvae were collected from 12 of the stands examined. Collection locations are shown in Fig. 1.

LECITHINASE PRODUCTION BY STRAINS OF BACILLUS CEREUS FR. AND FR. PATHOGENIC FOR THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.)

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donn J. Kushner ◽  
A. M. Heimpel
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Egg Lecithin ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Chemical Techniques

Strains of Bacillus cereus pathogenic for the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii, produce an enzyme that breaks down purified egg lecithin and the phospholipids of egg yolk and insect tissue. A study, using specific chemical techniques to measure lecithinase activity, of the relation between lecithinase production and pathogenicity supports an earlier postulate that lecithinase plays a role in the pathogenicity of B. cereus for the larch sawfly.

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