LECITHINASE PRODUCTION BY STRAINS OF BACILLUS CEREUS FR. AND FR. PATHOGENIC FOR THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.)

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donn J. Kushner ◽  
A. M. Heimpel
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Egg Lecithin ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Chemical Techniques

Strains of Bacillus cereus pathogenic for the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii, produce an enzyme that breaks down purified egg lecithin and the phospholipids of egg yolk and insect tissue. A study, using specific chemical techniques to measure lecithinase activity, of the relation between lecithinase production and pathogenicity supports an earlier postulate that lecithinase plays a role in the pathogenicity of B. cereus for the larch sawfly.

THE pH IN THE GUT AND BLOOD OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.), AND OTHER INSECTS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PATHOGENICITY OF BACILLUS CEREUS FR. AND FR.

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Heimpel
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
Optimum Activity ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Gut Ph

Regional pH measurements in the gut and the blood of 11 species of Hymenoptera and two of Lepidoptera were made. The larvae were examined in their later instars, after ecdysis, after starvation, or as mature larvae. The gut pH was found to change regionally during development and under these different conditions, but the blood pH tended to remain relatively unchanged. The pH in the gut and of the blood of the larch sawfly was found to be close to the optimum for good growth of B. cereus and was within the optimum activity range of the enzyme lecithinase in the anterior two thirds of the mid-gut and in the blood. This apparently holds for most of the sawfly species examined and for Carpocapsa pomonella, but not for those Lepidoptera examined herein.

A Strain of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. Pathogenic for the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Heimpel
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
The Mean

AbstractA strain of Bacillus cereus (Pr-1017) was isolated from dead and dying larvae of the larch sawfly. Laboratory and field feeding tests resulted in mortalities as high as 60 per cent and 38 per cent, respectively.A positive correlation between the incidence of mortality and the mean daily temperatures was obtained in the field experiments.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE MODE OF ACTION OF STRAINS OFBACILLUS CEREUSFR. AND FR. PATHOGENIC FOR THE LARCH SAWFLY,PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII(HTG.)

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Heimpel
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Genus Bacillus ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Tissue Degeneration ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Histopathological Evidence

There is a significant correlation between the pathogenicity for the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) of Bacillus cereus Fr. and Fr. strains and their respective abilities to produce lecithinase. Species of the genus Bacillus that are incapable of producing lecithinase are not pathogenic for the larch sawfly. Histopathological evidence of toxemia during the progress of B. cereus infection of the sawfly larvae is presented and it is noted that the tissue degeneration is not of the type usually associated with proteolytic or lipolytic activity. Finally, approximately three micrograms of a lecithinase preparation (containing. approximately 21 mouse LD50per milligram) was found to be the LD50for the fifth-instar larva of the larch sawfly. The main conclusion drawn from this evidence is that lecithinase plays an important role in the invasion and destruction of infected larch sawfly larvae.

scholarly journals Potentiating Effect of Mandelate and Lactate on Chemically Induced Germination in Members of Bacillus cereus Sensu Lato

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair H. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Clostridium Sporogenes ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Significant Discovery ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Endospores of the genus Bacillus can be triggered to germinate by a limited number of chemicals. Mandelate had powerful additive effects on the levels and rates of germination produced in non-heat-shocked spores of Bacillus anthracis strain Sterne, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis when combined with l-alanine and inosine. Mandelate had no germinant effect on its own but was active with these germinants in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations higher than 0.5 mM. The maximum rate and extent of germination were produced in B. anthracis by 100 mM l-alanine with 10 mM inosine; this was equaled by just 25% of these germinants when supplemented with 10 mM mandelate. Half the maximal germination rate was produced by 40% of the optimum germinant concentrations or 15% of them when supplemented with 0.8 mM mandelate. Germination rates in B. thuringiensis were highest around neutrality, but the potentiating effect of mandelate was maintained over a wider pH range than was germination with l-alanine and inosine alone. For all species, lactate also promoted germination in the presence of l-alanine and inosine; this was further increased by mandelate. Ammonium ions also enhanced l-alanine- and inosine-induced germination but only when mandelate was present. In spite of the structural similarities, mandelate did not compete with phenylalanine as a germinant. Mandelate appeared to bind to spores while enhancing germination. There was no effect when mandelate was used in conjunction with nonnutrient germinants. No effect was produced with spores of Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium sporogenes, or C. difficile. IMPORTANCE The number of chemicals that can induce germination in the species related to Bacillus cereus has been defined for many years, and they conform to specific chemical types. Although not a germinant itself, mandelate has a structure that is different from these germination-active compounds, and its addition to this list represents a significant discovery in the fundamental biology of spore germination. This novel activity may also have important applied relevance given the impact of spores of B. cereus in foodborne disease and B. anthracis as a threat agent. The destruction of spores of B. anthracis, for example, particularly over large outdoor areas, poses significant scientific and logistical problems. The addition of mandelate and lactate to the established mixtures of l-alanine and inosine would decrease the amount of the established germinants required and increase the speed and level of germination achieved. The large-scale application of “germinate to decontaminate” strategy may thus become more practicable.

Pristiphora erichsonii. [Distribution map].

1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) (Hymenopt., Tenthredinoidea) (Larch Sawfly). Hosts: Larix spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE (excl. USSR), Austria, Britain, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, ASIA (excl. USSR), Japan, USSR, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, U.S.A.

scholarly journals Detection of presumptive Bacillus cereus in the Irish dairy farm environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O’Connell ◽  
E.M. Lawton ◽  
D. Leong ◽  
P. Cotter ◽  
D. Gleeson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Chromogenic Medium ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Bulk Tank

AbstractThe objective of the study was to isolate potentialBacillus cereussensu lato (B.cereus s.l.)from a range of farm environments. Samples of tap water, milking equipment rinse water, milk sediment filter, grass, soil and bulk tank milk were collected from 63 farms. In addition, milk liners were swabbed at the start and the end of milking, and swabs were taken from cows’ teats prior to milking. The samples were plated on mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar (MYP) and presumptiveB. cereus s.l. colonies were isolated and stored in nutrient broth with 20% glycerol and frozen at -80 °C. These isolates were then plated on chromogenic medium (BACARA) and colonies identified as presumptiveB. cereus s.l. on this medium were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing. Of the 507 isolates presumed to beB. cereus s.l. on the basis of growth on MYP, only 177 showed growth typical ofB. cereus s.l. on BACARA agar. The use of 16S rRNA sequencing to identify isolates that grew on BACARA confirmed that the majority of isolates belonged toB. cereus s.l. A total of 81 of the 98 isolates sequenced were tentatively identified as presumptiveB. cereus s.l. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was carried out on milk and soil isolates from seven farms that were identified as having presumptiveB. cereus s.l. No pulsotype was shared by isolates from soil and milk on the same farm. PresumptiveB. cereus s.l. was widely distributed within the dairy farm environment.

Biological characteristics of an enterotoxin produced by Bacillus cereus

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1236-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Spira ◽  
J. M. Goepfert
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Fluid Accumulation ◽  
Ileal Loop ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Ph Range

An enterotoxin synthesized during exponential growth by Bacillus cereus produces fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops, alters vascular permeability in the skin of rabbits, and kills mice when injected intravenously. All activities are eluted simultaneously from a Sephadex G-75 column and are distinct from the hemolysin and egg yolk turbidity factor of B. cereus. The enterotoxin is a true exotoxin. It interacts with intestinal receptor sites in a highly transient manner in the ileal loop system. Rabbit immune serum produced against the culture fluids from one strain of B. cereus neutralized the three biological activities in all other strains tested except strain B-6-ac for which none of the activities were neutralized.Enterotoxin proved to be unstable under a wide variety of conditions; ionic strength was especially critical. Enterotoxin was most stable in a pH range of 5.0 to 10.0, but lost activity rapidly outside this range. Alkylation provided some protection of enterotoxin activity in crude preparations but failed to protect activity during purification procedures. It did not appear to affect critically the enterotoxin molecule itself, since elution profiles on Sephadex G-75 chromatography were unchanged after alkylation.

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