Establishment of salmonberry, salal, vine maple, and bigleaf maple seedlings in the coastal forests of Oregon

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1775-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Tappeiner ◽  
John C. Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Regeneration Niches

To identify seedling regeneration niches for four coastal Oregon shrub and hardwood species (salmonberry (Rubusspectabilis Pursh), salal (Gaultheriashallon Pursh), vine maple (Acercircinatum Pursh), and bigleaf maple (Acermacrophyllum Pursh)) we studied the seed predation, emergence, survival, and growth of these species on disturbed and undisturbed soil in thinned, unthinned, and clear-cut conifer stands on two sites in the Oregon Coast Ranges. For all species, seedling emergence and survival were greater in thinned stands than in clearcuts or unthinned stands. In addition, emergence of salmonberry and salal was greater on mineral soil than on soil in which the organic layers were intact. After four years, height of salmonberry was greatest in the clearcuts, where it averaged 23 cm. Bigleaf maple and vine maple, which were heavily browsed in the clearcuts, reached their greatest height in the thinned stands, averaging 16 and 15 cm, respectively. Salal seedlings survived only in thinned stands and grew slowly, reaching a height of only 4–5 cm in 4 years. Seedling emergence and predation both were related to seed size. On both disturbed and undisturbed soil, vine and bigleaf maple, the species with the largest seeds, had the highest rates of emergence but also the highest rates of seed predation among the four species.

scholarly journals SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE WILDLINGS AND COASTAL NURSERY SEEDLINGS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eis
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
First Year ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Second Year

Survival and development of outplanted 2-0 and 2-1 white spruce nursery stock, transplanted 3-0 and 4-0 wildlings and 3-0 and 4-0 undisturbed wildlings are compared. Mortality was negligible in all groups. Planting check caused a 47% reduction in height increment during the first year and 15% during the second year after planting. The height increment was best related to the height growth during the previous year and total height of the planting stock. Insignificant differences were found between plants on undisturbed soil surface and those on exposed mineral soil.

Growth and ectomycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from pioneering hardwoods in southwest Oregon clear-cuts

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 712-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Borchers ◽  
David A. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen ◽  
Pacific Madrone

A greenhouse bioassay was used to compare the growth, ectomycorrhiza formation, and foliar nutrient concentrations of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from hardwood species. Soil nutrient concentrations and bulk densities were also determined. The soils were collected from two southwestern Oregon sites that had been clear-cut and broadcast burned 5 years previously. The sites, poorly stocked with conifer reproduction, were occupied primarily by grasses, forbs, and scattered individuals of tanoak (Lithocarpusdensiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.), Pacific madrone (Arbutusmenziesii Pursh), and canyon line oak (Quercuschrysolepis Liebm.). Five-month-old seedlings grown in media containing mineral soil collected beneath hardwood crowns had on average 60% greater height, 2.2 times greater weight (roots plus shoots), and almost 2 times more total and ectomycorrhizal short roots than seedlings grown in media containing soil collected more than 4 m from a hardwood. Rhizopogon sp. and Cenococcumgeophilum dominated on seedlings grown in hardwood soils, and an unidentified brown ectomycorrhiza dominated on seedlings grown in open area soils. The effect of hardwoods did not vary among the three hardwood species or between the two sites. A study of soils collected at various distances from hardwoods indicated that the effect extended between 2 and 3 m. Average foliar nitrogen was higher for seedlings grown in hardwood area than in open area soils, but differences were not statistically significant. Differences in other foliar nutrients of seedlings grown on soils from beneath the three hardwood species were inconsistent. Differences in soil nutrient concentrations were also inconsistent; however, rates of mineralizable nitrogen (anaerobic) were from 2 to nearly 6 times higher in hardwood area than open area soils, and soil pH was higher. Results suggest that the pioneering hardwoods strongly influence soil biological activity in these clear-cuts and impose one or more soil patterns that favor establishment and growth of conifer seedlings.

Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. IV. Nutrient levels in ectomycorrhizal Sitka spruce seedlings

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy C. Sidle ◽  
Charles G. Shaw III
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The North ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
North Side ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedlings colonized by the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccarialaccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br., Hebelomacrustuliniforme (Bull, ex St. Amans) Quel., or Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. and a noninoculated control were planted on rotten wood, undisturbed duff, undisturbed duff on the north side of large stumps, and exposed mineral soil in an area recently clear-cut on Chichagof Island, southeast Alaska. Uptake and concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and several micronutrients in foliage, stems, and roots were determined 2 years after outplanting. There were no significant interactions between fungal treatments and microsite types for uptake or concentration of any nutrient. Uptake and concentrations of N and P in foliage and roots did not differ significantly among fungal treatments. Foliar K and Cu concentrations were significantly higher in control seedlings than in those with L. laccata ectomycorrhizae. Calcium was the only nutrient analyzed that was present in higher concentrations in seedlings inoculated with H. crustuliniforme than in controls. Concentrations of foliar P, Mn, and Zn were significantly greater in seedlings grown on undisturbed duff (protected north side) than in seedlings grown on exposed mineral soil. However, foliar concentrations of all nutrients tested were not significantly different between seedlings grown on undisturbed duff (unprotected sites) and those grown on mineral soil. Seedlings grown on rotten wood had significantly greater concentrations of foliar Ca than seedlings grown on either exposed mineral soil or undisturbed duff. The on-site colonization of control seedlings after outplanting indicates that resident ectomycorrhizal fungi readily establish and appear to provide equal if not improved nutrient benefits compared to inoculated seedlings. Greater nutritional benefits were derived by planting on certain microsite types (duff and protected duff) than by inoculating with specific ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Bigleaf maple seedling establishment and early growth in Douglas-fir forests

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1226-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy S. Fried ◽  
John C. Tappeiner II ◽  
David E. Hibbs
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Canopy Density ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Survival, age and height distributions, and stocking of bigleaf maple (Acermacrophyllum Pursh) seedlings were studied in 1- to 250-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands in western Oregon to identify the stages in stand development in which bigleaf maple is most likely to establish successfully from seed. Maple seedling emergence averaged 30–40% where seeds were planted and protected from rodents but was typically <2% for unprotected seeds. Seedling survival after 2 years was highly dependent on canopy density, measured by percent sky. Average 1st-year survival of seedlings originating from planted, protected seeds was highest in clearcuts (1–2 years old, 36% survival, 56% sky) and pole-size stands (41–80 years old, 30% survival, 17% sky) with sparse understories and canopies. It was lowest in young stands with dense canopies (20–40 years old, 4% survival, 8% sky) and old stands (81–250 years old, 14% survival, 13% sky) with dense understories. Naturally regenerated populations of bigleaf maple seedlings, which occurred in aggregations (0.005–0.04 ha in area), were most abundant (up to 10 000/ha) in pole-size Douglas-fir stands. Although seedling size distributions within stands had a strongly inverse J shaped form, size distributions within aggregations appeared more normal (bell-shaped). Seedling age rarely exceeded 15 years. Seedlings grew slowly in the understory, often reaching only 25 cm in height after 8–10 years, and were intensively browsed by deer. Naturally regenerated seedlings were virtually absent from clearcuts, probably because of dense competing vegetation and lack of seed caused by poor dispersal and seed predation. The "window" for the most successful establishment of bigleaf maple seedlings appears to begin after canopy thinning and end before forbs and shrubs invade.

scholarly journals Effects of substrate availability and competing vegetation on natural regeneration of white spruce on logged boreal mixedwood sites

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola A. Kokkonen ◽  
S. Ellen Macdonald ◽  
Ian Curran ◽  
Simon M. Landhäusser ◽  
Victor J. Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Competing Vegetation ◽  
Survival And Growth

Given a seed source, the quality of available substrates is a key factor in determining the success of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) natural regeneration. We examined the influence of substrate and competing vegetation on survival and growth of natural regeneration of white spruce up to 4 years following harvesting in deciduous-dominated upland boreal mixedwood sites. Feather moss, thick soil surface organic layers, litter, and solid wood were poor substrates for establishment. Early successional mosses establishing on mineral soil, thin organics, and rotten wood were generally favourable microsites but were not highly available on postharvest sites. Mineral soil substrates were not as suitable as expected, likely because on a postlogged site, they are associated with unfavourable environmental characteristics (e.g., low nutrient availability, exposure). There was some evidence that survival and growth of seedlings were improved by surrounding vegetation in the first years, but heavy competing vegetation had a negative impact on older seedlings. Burial by aspen litter greatly increased seedling mortality, especially when combined with a brief period of submergence due to heavy spring snowmelt. The results provide insight into conditions under which natural regeneration could be an option for establishing white spruce following harvesting of deciduous-dominated boreal mixedwood forests.

Direct seeding of PinusSylvestris using microsite preparation and invigorated seed lots of different quality: 2-year results

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Winsa ◽  
Urban Bergsten
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Mean Germination Time ◽  
Better Than

Direct seeding of Pinussylvestris L. is a regeneration method, with potential for development considering scarification, microsite preparation, seed invigoration, and seed quality. Three seed lots of different quality concerning seed weight, germination percent, and mean germination time were used on two sites in northern Sweden. Microsite preparation, 2 cm deep pyramidal indentations, of the mineral soil improved seedling emergence on the two sites by 48 and 62%, respectively, compared with seeding without preparation other than removal of the humus layer. Microsite preparation in combination with invigorated seed, i.e., seed incubated at 30% moisture content for 7 days at 15 °C, resulted in seedling emergence of about 85% for the highest and about 50% for the lowest seed quality at both sites. Noninvigorated seed, seeded without microsite preparation, reached about 55% for the highest and 22% at one and 43% at the other for the lowest seed quality. Without microsite preparation there was no, or a negative, effect of seed invigoration on seedling emergence. Seedling survival after the first winter improved significantly with better seed quality. Survival averaged 92 and 72% at the two sites, with frost heaving causing most mortality. Seedlings from invigorated and redried seed survived better than seedlings from untreated seed. Seedlings from the best seed quality had higher values in seedling height, about 35%, shoot length, about 60%, and needle length, about 30%, after two growing seasons than seedlings from lower seed qualities. Invigoration and microsite preparation had no effect on measured growth characteristics.

Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. II. Available inoculum of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcumgeophilum

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Shaw III ◽  
Roy C. Sidle
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
Mycorrhizal Propagules ◽  
Soil Volume ◽  
High Lead

Three microsites common to clear-cuts logged by the high-lead method in southeast Alaska were sampled to quantify the occurrence and viability of sclerotia of Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. Undisturbed duff had significantly greater numbers of sclerotia per gram or per cubic centimetre of soil than either exposed mineral soil or rotten wood. There were significantly fewer viable sclerotia per cubic centimetre of rotten wood than in either exposed mineral soil or undisturbed duff. Numbers of viable sclerotia that could contact the root plug of a containerized seedling when it was planted into rotten wood, exposed mineral soil, or undisturbed duff were calculated to be 0.7, 6.1, and 7.2, respectively. Expressing abundance of mycorrhizal propagules by soil volume, rather than weight, is more meaningful when microsites with large differences in soil bulk density are compared.

Survival and Growth of Three Hardwood Species (Fraxinus angustifolia, Ulmus laevis and U. minor) on a BottomlandSite with Heavy Clay Soil

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emrah Cicek ◽  
Fahrettin Tilki ◽  
Semsettin Kulac ◽  
Murat Yilmaz ◽  
Faruk Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Fraxinus Angustifolia ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Ulmus Laevis

Cropping system effects on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) demography: I. Green manure and tillage timing

Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S. Davis ◽  
Matt Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Crop Sequence

Manipulation of cropping systems to improve weed management requires a better understanding of how crop- and soil-related factors affect weed life cycles. Our objective was to assess the impacts of timing of primary tillage and use of legume green manure on giant foxtail demography and soil properties. We measured giant foxtail seed survival and dormancy, seedling emergence and survival, and fecundity, in addition to soil phytotoxicity, chemical properties affecting soil fertility and soil water, in the transition between the wheat and corn phases of a wheat–corn–soybean crop sequence. Postdispersal predation of giant foxtail seeds was measured in all three phases of the crop sequence. Wheat was grown either as a sole crop (W) or underseeded with red clover (R), and residues from this phase were rototilled either in the fall (FT) or in spring (ST). There were strong interactions between Red clover and Tillage timing in their effects on giant foxtail recruitment and fecundity in corn. Giant foxtail seedling emergence was 30% lower, and time to 50% emergence was more than 1 wk later, in the ST/R treatment than in the ST/W, FT/W, and FT/R treatments, which did not differ. However, fecundity of giant foxtail was 200% greater in the ST/R treatment than in the other three treatments because of suppressed early corn growth. The net effect of the ST/R treatment on giant foxtail demography in corn was to greatly increase inputs to the seedbank compared with the ST/W, FT/W, and FT/R treatments. Giant foxtail demography in the wheat phase was also affected by Red clover. There was a 200% increase in daily rates of postdispersal seed predation in the wheat phase of the R treatment compared with the W treatment. High-seed predation in the wheat phase and low fecundity in the corn phase of the FT/R treatment suggest that population growth rate of giant foxtail will be lower in this treatment than in the other treatments. The degree of soil phytotoxicity from red clover residues, the changes in the amount of interference from the corn crop early in the growing season, and the differential suitability of crop residues in the different rotations as habitat for seed predators all contributed to changes in giant foxtail demography. Understanding the effects of cropping system characteristics on entire weed life cycles will facilitate the design of integrated suites of complementary weed management tactics.

Viable seed populations by soil depth and potential site recolonization after disturbance

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (18) ◽  
pp. 2408-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice M. Moore ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Forest Experiment Station ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Germination Experiment

Seedling emergence from organic and mineral soil layers was measured for nine study sites at the Acadia Forest Experiment Station near Fredericton, New Brunswick. The number of viable seeds showed a decrease from deciduous-dominated forest, to conifer-dominated forest, to organic soil study sites. Viable seed number varied from 3400/m2 for a deciduous-dominated forest study site to zero for a bog study site. Most seeds germinated from the upper organic soil layers of all study sites and were predominantly Rubus strigosus Michx. After the germination experiment, ungerminated seeds, which showed no viability by the tetrazolium test, were separated from the soil. These seeds were almost entirely Betula spp. and seed numbers were as high as 4200–9400/m2 for a deciduous-dominated forest. The applicability of the results to differing types of postdisturbance revegetation is discussed.

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