scholarly journals SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE WILDLINGS AND COASTAL NURSERY SEEDLINGS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eis
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
First Year ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Second Year

Survival and development of outplanted 2-0 and 2-1 white spruce nursery stock, transplanted 3-0 and 4-0 wildlings and 3-0 and 4-0 undisturbed wildlings are compared. Mortality was negligible in all groups. Planting check caused a 47% reduction in height increment during the first year and 15% during the second year after planting. The height increment was best related to the height growth during the previous year and total height of the planting stock. Insignificant differences were found between plants on undisturbed soil surface and those on exposed mineral soil.

scholarly journals Effects of substrate availability and competing vegetation on natural regeneration of white spruce on logged boreal mixedwood sites

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola A. Kokkonen ◽  
S. Ellen Macdonald ◽  
Ian Curran ◽  
Simon M. Landhäusser ◽  
Victor J. Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Competing Vegetation ◽  
Survival And Growth

Given a seed source, the quality of available substrates is a key factor in determining the success of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) natural regeneration. We examined the influence of substrate and competing vegetation on survival and growth of natural regeneration of white spruce up to 4 years following harvesting in deciduous-dominated upland boreal mixedwood sites. Feather moss, thick soil surface organic layers, litter, and solid wood were poor substrates for establishment. Early successional mosses establishing on mineral soil, thin organics, and rotten wood were generally favourable microsites but were not highly available on postharvest sites. Mineral soil substrates were not as suitable as expected, likely because on a postlogged site, they are associated with unfavourable environmental characteristics (e.g., low nutrient availability, exposure). There was some evidence that survival and growth of seedlings were improved by surrounding vegetation in the first years, but heavy competing vegetation had a negative impact on older seedlings. Burial by aspen litter greatly increased seedling mortality, especially when combined with a brief period of submergence due to heavy spring snowmelt. The results provide insight into conditions under which natural regeneration could be an option for establishing white spruce following harvesting of deciduous-dominated boreal mixedwood forests.

Glyphosate Herbicide: An Assessment of Forestry Potential

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy F. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Second Year

Environmentally safe, yet potent in controlling herbs, grasses, and woody species, with possibilities for selective use, glyphosate (Roundup®) has great potential usefulness in forestry.In the small study reported here, twelve.01 ha plots were established in August, 1973 in dense 6-year-old shrub and hardwood post-fire regrowth near Chapleau, Ontario. In each plot, 16 rising 3 + 0 white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) were planted centrally at.9 m ×.9 m spacing. Six treatments with two replications were applied at random the next day: 1, control; 2, all woody vegetation cut off at ground level; 3, all woody vegetation cut off in central planted area of plot; 4, sprayed with 60 mL glyphosate in 1.892 L of water; 5, sprayed with double strength glyphosate; 6, sprayed with sextuple strength glyphosate. Eight trees in each plot were shielded during the spraying. Browsing affected 16% of the spruce after 2 weeks, 96% by spring. Half of each plot was replanted with eight white spruce (four of them caged against browsing) in May, 1974.The objectives were to observe the effect of glyphosate on hardwood and shrub competition, to assay this effect by white spruce outplantings, and to evaluate the resistance to glyphosate of newly planted white spruce. Glyphosate was highly effective in killing trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta Marsh.): pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L. f.) resprouted with moderate vigor. White spruce responded significantly (P.01) to first-year non-herbicide (i.e., immediate) weed control, but second-year height increment was significantly (P.001) less than that of the first year: second-year height increment in the glyphosate treatments was significantly (P.001) greater than in the non-herbicide treatments. Growth and survival were both affected by non-treatment disturbances, but shielding during spraying improved second-year survival significantly (P.001).

Direct seeding of black spruce in northwestern Ontario: Seedbed relationships

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Fleming ◽  
D. S. Mossa
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
First Year ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

A series of spot seeding experiments was set out on coarse-textured upland sites in northwestern Ontario to investigate how black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) seedling establishment and growth could be improved by site selection and seedbed preparation. Virtually all germination occurred within the first growing season. Annual seedling mortality rates were greatest during the first year, then declined steadily and stabilized at low levels (<10%) after the third year. The highest fifth-year establishment ratios (seedlings/viable seed sown) were found on seedbeds derived from materials near the mineral soil/humus interface. On wetter sites (i.e., higher Soil Moisture Regimes) the best seedbeds occurred closer to the soil surface. Mean fifth year establishment ratios for the best seedbeds were 0.032 on moderately fresh to fresh sites, 0.146 on very fresh to moderately moist sites, and 0.082 on moist to very moist sites. On adjacent lowland sites, slow-growing, compact Sphagnum mosses had a mean establishment ratio of 0.179. Mean fifth-year seedling heights on upland sites ranged from 12 to 14 cm, and were not strongly correlated with site or seedbed type. Key words: direct seeding, black spruce, seedbed, seedling establishment, site type and germination

INFLUENCE OF ROOT PRUNING ON HEIGHT INCREMENT AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT OF OUTPLANTED SPRUCE

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1671-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
First Year ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Block Experiment

Three-year-old seedlings of Picea glauca and P. abies were outplanted in a fertile silt loam soil at Ithaca, New York, in a split-plot randomized block experiment involving large- and small-size classes of stock and four root-pruning treatments: control; laterals pruned to 5 cm; all roots pruned at 10 cm measured from the root collar; and all laterals pruned flush with the tap or main root.Survival was good except in the last treatment. First- and second-year height increments within each species were unaffected by root-pruning treatments, even the most extreme. This suggests that either water stress is not aggravated by root pruning or that root pruning has compensating advantages. In the second year, height increment of P. glauca was significantly inferior to that of the first year. Height increment of P. abies was significantly greater in the second than in the first year.Root systems of 20 P. glauca were excavated in the second year. Percentage increases of total root length (of all roots 1 cm or more long) in root-pruned trees were twice those of control trees. Highest values (> 1000%) were for vigorous trees in the moderate root-pruning treatments.

Uptake by grass and transfer to soil of nitrogen from 15N-labelled legume materials applied to a Rhodes grass pasture

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Vallis
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Leaf Material ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Second Year

Unground legume materials labelled with 15N were applied to the soil surface under a Rhodes grass pasture in south-eastern Queensland and the recovery of the applied 15N was followed over periods of 1-3 years. Comparisons were made between two legumes, Macroptiliurn atropurpureurn cv. Siratro and Desrnodiurn intorturn cv. Greenleaf, between leaf and stem materials of different nitrogen (N) concentrations (0.5-3.8% N), and between fresh and dried materials. After 1 year, 15N in the applied materials had decreased by 25-91%, and 7-25% was recovered in the Rhodes grass. Except for leaf material of Greenleaf, these changes showed a positive, non-linear relationship to the percentage of N (%N) in the applied materials. The changes for leaves of Greenleaf were less than would be predicted from their %N. Drying Siratro leaves and stems before applying them to the soil surface did not significantly affect the above changes. For N-poor materials (0.5-1.8% N) applied at 380-1360 g dry matter m-2, uptake of 15N by Rhodes grass was greater in the second year than in the first year, whereas for N-rich materials (3.8%N) applied at 140 g dry matter m-2 uptake of 15N in the second and third years was only 23 and 12% respectively of that in the first year.

scholarly journals Agronomic performance of sugarcane cultivated under quantities of sugarcane straw on the soil surface

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 3983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Alves de Oliveira ◽  
Claudemir Zucareli ◽  
Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves ◽  
Allan Ricardo Domingues ◽  
Cristiane De Conti Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Sugarcane Variety ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Plot Design

Mechanized harvesting is increasingly present in the sugarcane production system. The straw removed during harvest can be converted to ethanol or used to generate electricity by burning, it is important to determine the amount of biomass that may be removed without damage to the crop. We evaluated the agronomic performance of sugarcane, variety RB92579, grown under different quantities of sugarcane straw on the soil surface, in the first and second year of cane crop. We used the experimental randomized block in split plot design, with four replications. In the first year the plots received five quantities of straw (0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5 and 18 Mg ha-1), and six times assessments (60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 days after planting) arranged in the subplots. In the second year, the plots received the same quantities of straw and four times assessments (60, 120, 240 and 540 days after the regrowth) in subplots. Biometric indexes, components of production and crop yield were evaluated. The data were submitted to variance analysis and study of polynomial regression (p <0.05). Increasing quantities of sugarcane straw deposited on the soil surface reduces the number and diameter of the stem at the beginning crop establishment, and number of sheets for the first year. The maximum productivity of stems is achieved by maintaining 9,6 Mg ha-1 of straw for first year and 4,7 Mg ha-1 of straw for second year of cane crop.

scholarly journals GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF ENGELMANN SPRUCE AND ALPINE FIR ON SEED SPOTS AT BOLEAN LAKE, B.C., 1954-59

1960 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Harry G. Smith ◽  
M. Bruce Clark
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
First Year ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Picea Engelmanni ◽  
Shade Part ◽  
Site Types

Seed spots established in the spring of 1953 were remeasured in August 1959. Variables included Engelmann spruce (Picea Engelmanni Parry) and alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.); two site types—wet (VO) and dry (VM); three degrees of light—full shade, part shade, and full sun; and five seedbeds—mineral soil, burn, moss, litter, and rotted wood. The observed data on survival and growth are further evidence of the need to provide adequately disturbed seedbeds to ensure reproduction of Engelmann spruce and alpine fir. The poor survival, even with first-year screening, and slow juvenile growth of these species suggest that planting may have advantages over direct seeding.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE ORIGIN AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF A PLANT COMMUNITY FOLLOWING A FOREST FIRE

1955 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lynton Martin
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
First Year ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Second Year

The origin of the species on a burned-over area in southwestern Nova Scotia was determined by means of covered plots, and the early stages of succession were followed closely for two years. All of the herbaceous and shrub species which appeared on the area during the first two years were survivors of the fire. Bracken fern showed unquestionable dominance the first year, but its position was severely contested by other herbaceous species and the heath plants during the second year. Seedlings of grey birch and large-toothed aspen appeared the second year and were restricted to patches of bare mineral soil. Sucker growth of red oak, red maple and grey birch was rapid, but it was pruned heavily by deer feeding.

Changes with time in the germination of buried scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata Mérat) seeds

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Bowes ◽  
A. G. Thomas ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
First Year ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Buried Seed ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank

Change with time in the germination of scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata Mérat) seeds was investigated. Seeds were placed in nylon net bags, buried 7 cm deep in soil, exhumed at monthly intervals for 2 yr and allowed to germinate in temperature regimes of 10/2 °C, 20/5 °C, 25/10 °C and 35/20 °C (16/8 h), simulating temperatures found during early spring or late fall, spring or fall, summer and mid-summer on the soil surface, respectively. Exhumed and refrigerator-stored (2 °C) check seeds exhibited no yearly dormancy/nondormancy germination cycle, but mortality of buried seed increased to 36%, after 10 mo in contrast with that of the check seeds which remained low for two years. Light was required for germination during the first year but was not required for a portion of the seed during the second year. The retention of viability in buried seed explains the persistent seed bank and seedling emergence throughout the growing season when moisture and temperature are nonlimiting. Key words: Seed burial, germination, Matricaria perforata Mérat

scholarly journals REDUCTION IN GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE AFTER OUT-PLANTING

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
First Year ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Before And After

Several age-classes of nursery stock were sampled before and after the 1963 growing season by excavation of trees. Samples were also planted out and later excavated. Studies of several criteria to express check were made and leader length selected as the most practicable.It is suggested that, by definition, a tree be considered in check until it has achieved a rate of terminal growth equivalent to that it would have attained in the next season in the nursery. Average leader lengths of unchecked trees are suggested for 2-0, 3-0 and 2-2 stock. Check was found to reduce leader length by about 50% in the first year after outplanting. Other experiments indicate that the effect continued for ten years or more in many instances.

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