Viable seed populations by soil depth and potential site recolonization after disturbance

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (18) ◽  
pp. 2408-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice M. Moore ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Forest Experiment Station ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Germination Experiment

Seedling emergence from organic and mineral soil layers was measured for nine study sites at the Acadia Forest Experiment Station near Fredericton, New Brunswick. The number of viable seeds showed a decrease from deciduous-dominated forest, to conifer-dominated forest, to organic soil study sites. Viable seed number varied from 3400/m2 for a deciduous-dominated forest study site to zero for a bog study site. Most seeds germinated from the upper organic soil layers of all study sites and were predominantly Rubus strigosus Michx. After the germination experiment, ungerminated seeds, which showed no viability by the tetrazolium test, were separated from the soil. These seeds were almost entirely Betula spp. and seed numbers were as high as 4200–9400/m2 for a deciduous-dominated forest. The applicability of the results to differing types of postdisturbance revegetation is discussed.

Roles of clay layers in rainfall-runoff processes in a serpentinite headwater catchment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiko Yoshino ◽  
Shin'ya Katsura
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
High Water ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
Headwater Catchment

<p>Rainfall-runoff processes in a headwater catchment have been typically explained by water flow in permeable soil layers (comprised of organic soil layers and mineral soil layers produced by weathering of bedrock) overlying less permeable layers (i.e., bedrock). In a catchment where mineral soils are characterized by clayey materials (e.g., mudstone, slate, and serpentine catchment), it is possible that mineral soil layers function substantially as less permeable layers because of a low permeability of clayey materials. However, roles of clay layers in rainfall-runoff processes in such a headwater catchment are not fully understood. In this study, we conducted detailed hydrological, hydrochemical, and thermal observations in a serpentinite headwater catchment (2.12 ha) in Hokkaido, Northern Japan, where mineral soil layers consisting of thick clay layers (thickness: approximately 1.5 m) produced by weathering of the serpentinite bedrock underlies organic soil layers (thickness: approximately 0.4 m). Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and water retention curve of these two layers were also measured in a laboratory. The observation results demonstrated that groundwater was formed perennially in the organic soil layers and clay layers. The groundwater level within the organic soil layers and specific discharge of the catchment showed rapid and flashy change in response to rainfall. In contrast, the groundwater level within the clay layers showed slow and small change. Temperature of the groundwater and stream water suggested that water from the depth of the organic soil layers contributed to streamflow. The electric conductivity (EC) of the groundwater in the clay layers was very high, ranging from 321 to 380 µS cmˉ¹. On the other hand, the EC of soil water (unsaturated water stored in the organic soil layers) was relatively low, ranging from 98 to 214 µS cmˉ¹. Hydrograph separation using EC showed that contribution of water emerging from the clay layers to the total streamflow ranged from 31 to 76% in low to high flow periods. Temporal variation in the total head, measured using tensiometers installed at four depths at the ridge of the catchment, indicated that in wet periods when the groundwater level in the organic soil layers was high, water flow from the organic soil layers to the clay layers occurred, whereas, in dry periods, water flow from the clay layers into the organic soil layers occurred. The laboratory measurements showed that the organic soil layers had high Ks (10ˉ² cm sˉ¹) and low water-holding capacity, whereas the clay layers had low Ks (10ˉ⁴ cm sˉ¹) and high water-holding capacity. It can be concluded from these results that clay layers play two roles: (1) forming perched groundwater table and lateral flow on the clay layers (the role of less permeable layers) and (2) supplying water into the organic soil layers in the dry periods (the role of water supplier).</p>

scholarly journals Generalized models to estimate carbon and nitrogen stocks of organic soil layers in Interior Alaska

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Manies ◽  
Mark Waldrop ◽  
Jennifer Harden
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Interior Alaska ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Global Soil

Abstract. Boreal ecosystems comprise about one tenth of the world's land surface and contain over 20 % of the global soil carbon (C) stocks. Boreal soils are unique in that the mineral soil is covered by what can be quite thick layers of organic soil. These organic soil layers, or horizons, can differ in their state of decomposition, source vegetation, and disturbance history. These differences result in varying soil properties (bulk density, C content, and nitrogen (N) content) among soil horizons. Here we summarize these soil properties, as represented by over 3000 samples from Interior Alaska, and examine how soil drainage and stand age affect these attributes. The summary values presented here can be used to gap-fill large datasets when important soil properties were not measured, provide data to initialize process-based models, and validate model results. These data are available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P960N1F9 (Manies, 2019).

scholarly journals Afforestation With Tropical N-Fixing Species in The Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest: Carbon and Nitrogen in The Soil Profile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pessanha Siqueira ◽  
Emanuela Forestieri Gama-Rodrigues ◽  
Marcos Vinícius Winckler Caldeira ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Rezende ◽  
Claudio Roberto Marciano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Species Traits ◽  
Atlantic Rainforest ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N

Abstract Aims Atlantic Rainforest biome is one of the most threatened in the world by deforestation where afforestation programs are urgently needed. N-fixing species should be prioritized in re-establishing forest covers as they can enhance soil C and N and stimulate cycling of other nutrients. Yet, tropical ecosystems play a key role in global warming and remain underestimated in the global biogeochemical balances. We aimed to investigate the effects of tropical N-fixing species on soil C and N pools after pasture conversionMethods We selected: Plathymenia reticulata, Hymenaea courbaril, and Centrolobium tomentosum 27-year-old monospecific stands. We evaluated soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (STN), and the natural abundance of 13C and 15N in the soil profile up to 100 cm depth. Results SOC was higher for P. reticulata, but an opposite pattern was observed when combining only soil layers up to 30 cm soil depth. Meanwhile, STN was similar across species and d15N values showed enrichment at intermediate soil layers indicating 14N gaseous loss. Most of the SOC originated from the planted trees rather than the former pasture, except beneath C. tomentosum where C4 derived C is decreasing at a slower rate. Conclusion This study presents novel insights in the understanding of tropical N-fixing species effects on soil C and N where specific-species traits appear to mediate SOC retention to the mineral soil rather than the N-fixing ability per se.

Buried viable seed in a ponderosa pine community

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Pratt ◽  
R. Alan Black ◽  
B. A. Zamora
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Seed Density ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Stellaria Media

The seed bank of a Pinus ponderosa – Symphoricarpos albus stand in east-central Washington was examined with respect to species composition, depth distribution, and germination responses to heat and shade treatments. Seeds of 57 species were present in the seed bank to a depth of 10 cm. Twenty-one of these species were not found in the aboveground vegetation of the study area. Estimated viable seed densities in spring and autumn collections were 13 052 ± 1481 and 14 463 ± 1356 seeds m−2, respectively. Stellaria media and Poa pratensis, both alien species, accounted for 50% of the buried viable seed. Seed density was highest in litter samples. Total seed density decreased with soil depth, although seeds of some pioneer species were more abundant in the mineral soil than in the litter. Species dominating the seed bank were generally unimportant in the aboveground vegetation. Woody species, which dominated the aboveground vegetation, accounted for only 1% of the seed bank. Annual forbs dominated the seed bank (45% of total buried viable seed) but were not dominant in the vegetation. Seeds of several species survived prestratification heat treatments. Poststratification heat treatments inhibited germination or destroyed seed of nearly all species. As shading increased, germination of most species decreased. However, shade did not inhibit germination of species characteristic of mature successional stages.

scholarly journals Natural 15N abundance in two nitrogen saturated forest ecosystems at Solling, Germany

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P Sah ◽  
R. Brumme
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Seepage Water ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
N Enrichment

This research deals with a comparative study of two different N-saturated forests: 1. beech forest and 2. spruce forest at the same locality of \solling, Central Germany. The present results show that <sup>15</sup>N natural occurrence in the rainfall (both above and below canopy) at Solling site is similar (&delta;<sup>15</sup>N = &ndash;15&permil; to +19&permil;) to other sites of the world (such as NITREX sites, USA etc.). Furthermore, <sup>15</sup>N values in the soil water ranged from &ndash;4.32 (&plusmn; 2.09) to +5&permil; (&plusmn; 1.47), which also corresponds to NITREX sites and other sites of Europe and USA. In both forests, &delta;<sup>15</sup>N enrichment of both NH<sub>4</sub>-N and NO<sub>3</sub>-N showed a decreasing trend of their values from bulk precipitation to the upper soil layer, but increasing in the deeper soil layer again. An increase in the <sup>15</sup>N enrichment of soil water from upper soil depth to lower soil depth was observed in our study and it is assumed to be due to the strong net nitrification taking place in the upper layer (organic surface layer) of soil. The soils at both sites showed characteristic low (negative) &delta;<sup>15</sup>N values in the upper organic layers, strongly increasing to positive &delta;<sup>15</sup>N values in the mineral soil. In the lower depths of mineral soil horizons of both stands, an increase in &delta;<sup>15</sup>N values was found to culminate at +3 to +5&permil;. In contrast to the mineral soil horizon, in the organic soil horizon (0 to 6 cm depth) of both sites there was almost a similar or slight decrease in &delta;<sup>15</sup>N values with depth. This is attributed to the high nitrification rate in the organic soil horizon, resulting in excessive seepage water NO<sub>3</sub>-output at both sites (especially at the spruce site).

Soil chemical changes and plant succession following experimental burning in immature jack pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Lynham ◽  
G. M. Wickware ◽  
J. A. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Plant Succession ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Rate Of Increase

In 1975 and 1976, an experimental burning program was conducted in an immature stand of boreal jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) growing on level, granitic outwash sands in northern Ontario. Nine 0.4-ha plots were burned under a range of fire weather conditions and sampling was conducted to examine the effect of fire on soil chemical changes and revegetation. Results indicated that depth of burn (DOB) affected both soil chemical changes and plant succession on these pine sites. Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., Oryzopsis spp,. Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt, Salix spp. and Viola adunca Sm. increased in cover at two levels of DOB but the increase was greatest at the lower DOB and decreased to pre-burn levels after 10 yr. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult., Epilobium angustifolium L., Polytrichum commune Hedw. and Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. were not found in the pre-burn surveys but appeared after burning. Vegetation cover for these species was always higher at the deeper DOB but decreased almost to zero after 10 yr. Other species such as Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., Linnaea borealis L., Corylus cornuta Marsh., Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl. and Aralia nudicaulis L. were eliminated from the site and did not recover even after 10 yr. Soil pH increased 0.3 to 1.0 pH units in the organic and mineral soil layers. The rate of increase in pH was always steeper at the higher DOB and pH returned to pre-burn levels in the mineral soil layers after 10 yr. Immediately after burning, exchangeable Ca in the mineral soil layers doubled but 10 yr later, Ca returned to pre-burn levels. Phosphorus and K increased in the mineral soil, leveled off and were still elevated after 10 yr. Total Kjeldahl N was reduced by 50% in the organic soil while N in all mineral soils increased, and was still increasing after 10 yr. Except for immediate post-fire increases in pH, Ca and N, soil chemical changes were small or they rebounded to pre-burn levels 10 yr after burning. Therefore it is unlikely that these changes were the cause of the plant cover changes that persisted to 10 yr. Key words: Soil nutrients, plant succession, fire, depth of burn, jack pine

Depth of underground plant organs and theoretical survival during fire

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (19) ◽  
pp. 2550-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite A. Flinn ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Kalmia Angustifolia ◽  
Forest Experiment Station ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Vaccinium Myrtilloides

For 21 study sites in the Acadia Forest Experiment Station, near Fredericton, New Brunswick, 34 commonly occurring understory species were studied to determine the depth of underground plant organs capable of growing shoots. Depth of these plant parts tended to be species specific. These depth data, together with a knowledge of the sprouting ability of the underground organs, were used to postulate which species would survive fires of varying intensities. Most species found in the litter layer or in the F and H layer of the forested study sites would be susceptible to fires of low intensity. Rubus canadensis, Kalmia angnstifolia, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Pteridium aquilinum, and Viburnum cassinoides would probably survive severe fires because the subterranean plant organs capable of reproduction were found in the mineral soil. In the bog study sites, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Andromeda glaucopliylla, Kalmia angustifolia, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Ledum groenlandicum, and Rhododendron canadense would likely survive severe fires because the plant organs capable of vegetative reproduction were found 25 cm below the surface of the bog.

Distribution and Biology of Two Nightshades (Solanumspp.) in Minnesota

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Quakenbush ◽  
Robert N. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Viable Seeds

Two species of annual nightshades were commonly found as agronomic weeds in Minnesota. Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun.), the most common species, was found throughout the southern half of the state. Hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoidesSendt. ♯3SOLSA) was found only in a few scattered locations. Eastern black nightshade seedling emergence began in mid-April or early May, and more than 80% of the total yearly emergence occurred before June. Hairy nightshade emergence began in May, but less than 70% of its total yearly emergence occurred before June. Eastern black nightshade berries first contained viable seeds 4 to 5 weeks after flowering of the plants and a week or more before the berries began to turn black. Hairy nightshade generally required a week longer than eastern black nightshade for viable seed production after flowering.

Seed Bank Longevity of Common Crupina (Crupina vulgaris) in Natural Populations

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Zamora ◽  
Donald C. Thill
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
First Year ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Seed Bank Longevity ◽  
Over Time

Seedling emergence and seed bank longevity were followed in field experiments with natural populations of common crupina for 4 yr. Emergence the first fall after dissemination was 90 to 98% of all seedlings eventually to emerge from the seedbank. Seedling emergence over time did not differ between plots which either were treated with the potassium salt of picloram or were hand weeded. No viable seed remained in the soil 25 to 26 months after seed production stopped. Five locations in a common crupina infestation undergoing eradication were sampled for seed in the soil. No viable seeds were found during the first year of the eradication, and no intact seeds were found after 4 yr.

Seasonal cycles in germination and seedling emergence of summer and winter populations of catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine) and wild mustard (Brassica kaber)

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husrev Mennan ◽  
Mathieu Ngouajio
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Galium Aparine ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Seed Population ◽  
Brassica Kaber

Catchweed bedstraw and wild mustard each produce two populations per year: a winter population (WP) in June, and a summer population (SP) in September. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the WP and SP differ in seed mass and seasonal germination. Seeds of both weeds were buried at 0, 5, 10, and 20 cm in cultivated fields, and retrieved at monthly intervals for 24 mo for germination tests in the laboratory. Additionally, seedling emergence from seeds buried at 0, 5, and 10 cm in the field was evaluated for 1 yr. Seeds from the WP were heavier than those from the SP for both species. Germination of exhumed seeds was affected by burial depth and by seed population. It was highest for seeds that remained on the soil surface and declined with increasing depth of burial. The WP of catchweed bedstraw produced two germination peaks per year, whereas the SP and all populations of wild mustard had only one peak. The WP of both weeds germinated earlier than the SP. Seedling emergence for both species in the field was greater for the WP than for the SP. Increasing soil depth reduced seedling emergence of both the WP and SP of wild mustard and affected only the WP of catchweed bedstraw. We conclude that the WP and SP of catchweed bedstraw and wild mustard seeds used in this study differed in seed mass, seasonal germination, and seedling emergence. The ability of a WP to produce large seeds that germinate early and have two germination peaks per year could make these populations a serious problem in cropping systems.

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