Cropping system effects on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) demography: I. Green manure and tillage timing

Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S. Davis ◽  
Matt Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Crop Sequence

Manipulation of cropping systems to improve weed management requires a better understanding of how crop- and soil-related factors affect weed life cycles. Our objective was to assess the impacts of timing of primary tillage and use of legume green manure on giant foxtail demography and soil properties. We measured giant foxtail seed survival and dormancy, seedling emergence and survival, and fecundity, in addition to soil phytotoxicity, chemical properties affecting soil fertility and soil water, in the transition between the wheat and corn phases of a wheat–corn–soybean crop sequence. Postdispersal predation of giant foxtail seeds was measured in all three phases of the crop sequence. Wheat was grown either as a sole crop (W) or underseeded with red clover (R), and residues from this phase were rototilled either in the fall (FT) or in spring (ST). There were strong interactions between Red clover and Tillage timing in their effects on giant foxtail recruitment and fecundity in corn. Giant foxtail seedling emergence was 30% lower, and time to 50% emergence was more than 1 wk later, in the ST/R treatment than in the ST/W, FT/W, and FT/R treatments, which did not differ. However, fecundity of giant foxtail was 200% greater in the ST/R treatment than in the other three treatments because of suppressed early corn growth. The net effect of the ST/R treatment on giant foxtail demography in corn was to greatly increase inputs to the seedbank compared with the ST/W, FT/W, and FT/R treatments. Giant foxtail demography in the wheat phase was also affected by Red clover. There was a 200% increase in daily rates of postdispersal seed predation in the wheat phase of the R treatment compared with the W treatment. High-seed predation in the wheat phase and low fecundity in the corn phase of the FT/R treatment suggest that population growth rate of giant foxtail will be lower in this treatment than in the other treatments. The degree of soil phytotoxicity from red clover residues, the changes in the amount of interference from the corn crop early in the growing season, and the differential suitability of crop residues in the different rotations as habitat for seed predators all contributed to changes in giant foxtail demography. Understanding the effects of cropping system characteristics on entire weed life cycles will facilitate the design of integrated suites of complementary weed management tactics.

Cropping system effects on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) demography: II. Retrospective perturbation analysis

Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 930-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S. Davis ◽  
Philip M. Dixon ◽  
Matt Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Perturbation Analysis ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Weed Population ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Periodic Matrix Model

Cropping system characteristics affect weed management by altering key demographic rates of weeds, including recruitment, seedling survival, fecundity, and seed survival. To facilitate the design and improvement of cropping systems that limit weed population growth, analytical methods are needed to identify weed management “choke points” (weed life stages that vary in response to management and whose variation strongly affects weed population growth rate). The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether wheat–red clover green manure can limit giant foxtail population growth rate (λ) in a wheat–corn–soybean crop sequence and (2) identify choke points in the giant foxtail life cycle with respect to the green manure treatment. Demographic data were used to construct a periodic matrix model of giant foxtail population growth in a wheat–corn–soybean crop sequence, with either a wheat sole crop (W) or a wheat–red clover intercrop (R) in the wheat phase. Identification of choke points was accomplished by adapting the life-table response experiment (LTRE) design for retrospective perturbation analysis of the periodic matrix model. The difference inλ(Δλ) between the two treatments was decomposed into contributions from each parameter in each rotation phase of the periodic model. Each LTRE contribution was equal to the product of the sensitivity ofλto changes in a given parameter by the treatment difference in that parameter. Those parameters making large contributions to Δλrepresented weed management choke points. Giant foxtail population growth rate in the simulation was more than twice as great in the W treatment (λ= 2.54) than in the R treatment (λ= 1.16). Retrospective perturbation analysis indicated that the proportion of seeds surviving predation in the wheat phase made the largest LTRE contribution (0.55) to Δλ, followed by seedling recruitment in the soybean (0.41) and corn (0.20) phases. By identifying weed management choke points within a given system, retrospective perturbation analysis can target research and management efforts for greater reductions in weed population growth.

Annual Postdispersal Weed Seed Predation in Contrasting Field Environments

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S. Davis ◽  
Erin C. Taylor ◽  
Erin R. Haramoto ◽  
Karen A. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Ecological Weed Management ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Predation Rates

Interest in weed seed predation as an ecological weed management tactic has led to a growing number of investigations of agronomic and environmental effects on predation rates. Whereas the measurements in most of these studies have taken place at very short timescales, from days to weeks, measurements at longer timescales (from several months to a year) have greater relevance to the demographic impact of weed seed predation and potential contributions from this process to ecological weed management. Our aim was to quantify the impact of crop phase, within a corn–soybean–wheat crop sequence, on quarterly and annual seed predation rates of giant foxtail, giant ragweed, and velvetleaf. The study took place in areas of the northern U.S. Corn Belt contrasting in dominant land use: Savoy, IL (2005–2007), where corn and soybean production predominates, and East Lansing, MI (2005–2008), where crop production occurs within an old field/forest landscape matrix. Mean annual rates of weed seed predation by the combined action of invertebrate and vertebrate predators were 31 ± 1.6% for giant ragweed, 37 ± 1.4% for velvetleaf, and 53 ± 1.4% for giant foxtail. Crop phase had negligible effects upon long-term seed predation rates, accounting for less than 2% of observed variation. Weed species and site-year, in contrast, contributed 35% and 40%, respectively, of the variation in cumulative annual seed predation. These results are consistent with the spatial variability in best management practices seen at spatial scales greater than the county level: weed seed predation appears to be an inherently site-specific phenomenon. New developments in managing weed seed predation as an ecosystem service are therefore likely to have local recommendation domains or to be driven by stochastic annual variation related to weather or granivore demography.

scholarly journals Weed supression by smother crops and selective herbicides

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco José Severino ◽  
Pedro Jacob Christoffoleti
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Arachis Pintoi

Using a smother crop is thought to suppress weed density and to add other beneficial effects in sustainable agricultural systems. Weed suppression ought to be considered an essential component of integrated weed management. However, very little is known about the effects of green manure plants on weeds. This study evaluated the influence of three green manure species on weed suppression and selectivity of herbicides. A field experiment was designed to determine the effect of the green manure species Crotalaria juncea, Arachis pintoi and pigeon pea on the weeds Brachiaria decumbens, guineagrass and hairy beggarticks, and on the natural weed infestation in the inter rows area of an avocado orchard. The weed species were suppressed differently by each green manure species. Soil samples collected from the field experiment presented a residual effect, of at least 30 d, in suppressing weed seed bank recruitment; this residual effect was caused by the residues of the green manure present in the soil. When the green manure was incorporated into the top 5 cm of soil or left on the surface, in a greenhouse experiment, the emergence of weed seeds was significantly inhibited, depending on the species, and on the amount and depth of green manure incorporation. Greenhouse experiments indicate that pre-emergence herbicides cause lower phytotoxicity than post-emergence Arachis pintoi. Smother crops using green manure species, when well established in an area, provide additional weed control to the cropping system and are effective and valuable tools in integrated weed management.

scholarly journals Crop diversification for weed management in organic arable cropping systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livija Zarina ◽  
Barbel Gerowitt ◽  
Bo Melander ◽  
Jukka Salonen ◽  
Roman Krawczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Arable Farming

<p>Within the ERA-net CORE Organic Plus transnational programmes supported project PRODIVA producing of the information required for a better utilization of crop diversification for weed management in North European organic arable cropping systems was started. To fulfill the goal of this project- not to eradicate weed problems, which is unlikely to happen in any arable farming system, but to maintain a diversified and manageable weed flora that can support beneficial organisms- there were data from ongoing long-termed cropping system experiments from Latvia analyzed.</p><p>It is hypothesised that: a) perennial weeds can be suppressed in the post-harvest period by improved cover crop establishment and pertinent selection of cover crop species; b) on-farm practices of crop diversification are related to weed pressure and species composition.</p><p class="R-MainText">On the bases on data from organic farm and ongoing long-termed cropping system experiment on weed dynamics in six-field crop rotations with cover crop was concluded that red clover as cover crop after the harvest period is effective to manage perennial weeds. In crop rotation with higher proportions of cereals weed infection growth in six-field rotation with 50% share of cereals up to 3.4, but with 33.3 %  share-up to 2.1 times.</p>

scholarly journals THE EVALUATION OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF CEREAL AND GREEN MANURE ON THE BASIS OF NUTRIENTS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aušra ARLAUSKIENĖ ◽  
Viktorija GECAITĖ ◽  
Danutė JABLONSKYTĖ-RAŠČĖ
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

Research was carried out at the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry’s (LAMMC) Joniškėlis Experimental Station on a clay loam Endocalcari Endohypogleyic Cambisol. The study was aimed to explore the aboveground mass of perennial forage legumes: red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), and their mixtures with festulolium (x Festuliolium), used as green manure, qualitative parameters and compatibility with cereals on the basis of nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The deficiency of other nutrients (P, K) and intensity of green manure mineralization can lead to N absorption. It has been determined that winter wheat takes one kg of N together with 0.2 kg P and 0.6 kg K. Spring wheat requires a similar amount of P but a higher amount of K. Average winter wheat grain yield can be 4.0 t ha-1 on a clay loam Cambisol in organic cropping system. NPK content – 134 kg ha-1 is needed for such productivity (grain + straw). This content is lower for spring winter growing. P:N and K:N ratios are more favourable in perennial forage legume mixture with festulolium, as compared to legume alone. To obtain grain yields of 4 t ha-1 of winter wheat and 3 t ha-1 of spring wheat in balanced organic crop rotation it is sufficient to apply 3.0 and 2.0 t ha-1 DM of pure legume mass as green manure. “Cut-and-carry” fertilisers do not satisfy the wheat demand for P.

Weed Seedbanks of the U.S. Corn Belt: Magnitude, Variation, Emergence, and Application

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 636-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Robert G. Wilson ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Jack Dekker ◽  
Robert G. Harvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Magnitude Variation ◽  
Total Seed

Seedbanks and seedling emergence of annual weeds were examined in arable fields at eight locations in the Corn Belt. Seed densities were estimated by direct seed extraction from each of several soil cores in each sampled plot. Average total seedbank densities ranged from 600 to 162 000 viable seed m-2among locations. Coefficients of variation (CV) typically exceeded 50%. CV for seed densities of individual species usually exceeded 100%, indicating strongly aggregated distributions. CV were lower for species with dense seed populations than those with sparse seed populations. Variance of total seedbank densities was unstable when < 10 cores were examined per plot, but stabilized at all locations when ≥ 15 cores were analyzed, despite a 12-fold difference in plot size and 270-fold difference in seed density among locations. Percentage viable seed that emerged as seedlings in field plots ranged from < 1% for yellow rocket to 30% for giant foxtail. Redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters were the most frequently encountered species. Emergence percentages of these species were related inversely to rainfall or air temperatures in April or May, presumably because anoxia and/or high temperatures induced secondary dormancy in nondormant seed. From 50 to 90% of total seed in the seedbank were dead. This information can be employed by bioeconomic weed management models, which currently use coarse estimates of emergence percentages to customize recommendations for weed control.

Effects of eight years of crop rotation and tillage on nitrogen availability and budget of a sandy loam soil

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Soon ◽  
G. W. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
N Budget

The effects of tillage and crop rotations on soil N availability and economy were evaluated over two rotation cycles to address the paucity of such information. From 1993 through 2000, soil was sampled to 120 cm in the autumn from four crop rotations : (i) continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), (ii) field pea (Pisum sativum L.)-wheat-canola (Brassica rapa L.)-wheat, (iii) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) green manure-wheat-canola-wheat/red clover, (iv) fallow-wheat-canola-wheat, and analysed for KCl-extractable N. The rotations were managed under a conventional tillage (CT) or a no-till (NT) system, and were fertilized based on soil test results. A N budget was constructed for each cropping system comprising N added in seed and fertilizers, and by symbiotic fixation and N exported in the grain. More nitrate accumulated under CT than NT, resulting in lower N fertilizer application rates for CT plots. Soil mineralizable N was higher under NT than CT, and was not influenced by crop rotations. The trend for residual soil nitrate among crop rotations was: fallow rotation > green manure rotation > continuous wheat > field pea rotation, due mostly to residual nitrate following the first phase of the rotations. There was no interaction of tillage with rotation. The continuous wheat and field pea rotation maintained a balanced N budget. The red clover rotation resulted in net N import in each rotation cycle of approximately 25 kg ha-1 under CT and 37 kg ha-1 under NT; net N export from the fallow rotation was 30 kg ha-1 under NT and 46 kg ha-1 under CT. Key words: Field pea, fallow, red clover, N economy, tillage, wheat

The Impact of Rye Cover Crops on Weed Populations in a Tomato Cropping System

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Masiunas ◽  
Leslie A. Weston ◽  
Stephen C. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
The Impact

A reduced-till (RT) experiment determined the effect of rye seeding density and method of kill on rye biomass persistence, weed suppression, and tomato yield. ‘Wheeler’ rye was seeded at 56, 110, and 170 kg ha−1in the fall of 1988 and 1989 in Champaign, IL; Lexington, KY; and Lafayette, IN. One wk before transplanting tomatoes, rye was desiccated either by applying glyphosate at 1.1 kg ha−1and mowing (RT-glyphosate) or by mowing alone (RT-mowed). Both methods left rye residues on the soil surface as a mulch. Seeding density did not affect rye biomass, weed control, or tomato yield. Rye biomass differed depending on location and year, ranging from 320 to 1150 gm−2. Rye was completely killed by glyphosate, but regrew following mowing. RT-glyphosate suppressed weeds for 4 to 8 wk, which was similar to the suppression from conventional tillage (fall plowing with spring disking and harrowing) with trifluralin and metribuzin (CT-herbicide). Weed communities varied, but redroot pigweed and giant foxtail were present at all three locations. All treatments required supplemental weed management for commercially acceptable control. Except for IL in 1990, processing tomato yields (kg ha−1) in RT-glyphosate with hand-weeding were equal or better than yields in the CT treatments.

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