Populustrichocarpa × Populusdeltoides hybrids for short rotation culture: variation patterns and 4-year field performance

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 745-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard F. Stettler ◽  
Ruth C. Fenn ◽  
Paul E. Heilman ◽  
Brian J. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Hybrid Superiority ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Rotation Culture ◽  
Western Washington

Studies were conducted on the comparative growth and morphology of Populustrichocarpa (T), P. deltoides (D), F1 hybrids (T×D), F2 hybrids (TD × TD), and B1 hybrids (T × TD, TD × T) at one nursery and two plantation sites in western Washington and Oregon. First coppice resprouts in the nursery showed intermediacy of the F1 and F2 between parentals in four of five morphological leaf traits measured, and intermediacy of B1 values between F1 and T in three. Amounts of variation generally conformed to the model of F2 > B1 > F1. The percent significant trait correlations were 11.6 for the F1, 8.7 for the B1, and zero for the F2. No simply inherited traits were identified. Growth in the first and successive coppices in the nursery was significantly greater in the F1 than in the B1 and F2 generations. The same trend was observed in two field tests at Pack Forest, Washington and Westport, Oregon in which 691 and 381 clones from 60 and 42 families, respectively, gave a rank order in 4-year volume growth of F1 > B1 > T > F2 > D. Several F1 families and clones showed high rank consistency between years and locations. The results confirm earlier studies and are discussed in relation to the mechanisms that underlie T × D hybrid superiority.

Production physiology and morphology of Populus species and their hybrids grown under short rotation. I. Clonal comparisons of 4-year growth and phenology

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1937-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ceulemans ◽  
G. Scarascia-Mugnozza ◽  
B. M. Wiard ◽  
J. H. Braatne ◽  
T. M. Hinckley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Hybrid Superiority ◽  
Bud Set ◽  
Number Of Branches

Height and diameter growth, stem volume production, leaf phenology and leaf number, and number of branches of Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray, Populusdeltoides Bartr., and their F1 hybrids (P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides) were studied for 4 years in a research plantation in western Washington, United States. Twelve clones (three of each species and six of the hybrids) grew under a short-rotation silviculture regime in monoclonal plots at spacings of 1 × 1 m (10 000 stems/ha). Clones represented a north-south gradient within the geographic distribution of both the two North American poplar species and the parentage of the hybrid material. The results support earlier work by contributing additional evidence for the superiority of the hybrids. However, the relative hybrid superiority in these monoclonal plots was less pronounced than that found earlier in field trials with single-tree plots because of heightened intraclonal competition. After 4 years, mean estimated stem volume of the hybrids was 1.5 times that of P. trichocarpa and 2.3 times that of P. deltoides. Total tree height of the hybrids was 1.1 times that off. trichocarpa and 1.3 times that off. deltoides. Clonal variation was the dominant theme in height and diameter growth, stem volume productivity, time of bud break and bud set, tree mortality, and number of branches. Populustrichocarpa had the highest number of sylleptic branches, P. deltoides had the lowest, and hybrids were intermediate. Significant clone by replicate interactions were observed in height, diameter, and volume growth. Phenological traits, such as the dates of bud break and bud set, and the length of growing period only partly explained the observed differences in growth between the P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides hybrids and the parental species.

Phytomass production in young mixed plantations of Alnus rubra (Bong.) and cottonwood in western Washington

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1007-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Heilman ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Mixed Plantations ◽  
Rotation Culture ◽  
Western Washington

Use of red alder in mixture with 28 clones of cottonwood in close spaced, short-rotation culture for fiber and energy was investigated. Early growth was rapid with red alder averaging 7.2 m and cottonwood mixed with alder averaging 8.2 m in height after 3 years. Alder significantly increased nitrogen content of cottonwood foliage in the 1st and 2nd years but not in the 3rd. Mean height of cottonwood at 3 years was increased in mixture with red alder. However, heights of the shortest cottonwood clones were reduced. Dry weight production on mixed plots (both species combined) was generally less than for pure cottonwood. Only with the slowest growing cottonwood clones did mixed stands show increased dry weight production. The best cottonwood clone, a hybrid (Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoides), produced 20.3 t∙ha−1∙year−1 dry weight for 3 years in pure stands compared with 2.8 t∙ha−1∙year−1 for the poorest. Production by alder was inversely related to cottonwood production in mixed plantings. Nodulation and C2H3 reduction was evaluated during the third growing season. Results indicated severe decline in nitrogenase activity where overtopping and shading of red alder by adjacent cottonwood occurred. At this site, the success of this mixture appears to depend upon use of cottonwood clones that do not outgrow the alder. Since the highest yielding cottonwood clones are much more productive at this site than the alder that we used, there would seem to be little incentive for mixed plantings of these species under the conditions of this experiment.

Quantitative genetics of yield breeding for Populus short rotation culture. I. Dynamics of genetic control and selection model of yield traits

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong-Ling Wu ◽  
Ming-Xiu Wang ◽  
Min-Ren Huang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Traits ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Eastern Cottonwood ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Environmental Regimes ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Selection Intensities ◽  
Two Hybrid ◽  
Selection Of

Variation patterns and selection efficiencies for the three growth traits height, diameter, and volume were studied in two selected interspecific hybrid populations of eastern cottonwood (Populusdeltoides Bartr.): P. deltoides × Populussimonii Carr. and P. deltoides × Populusnigra L. Growth variables differed quite significantly (P < 0.01) among clones in each of the two hybrid populations, and they were more dominantly controlled by genetic factors than by environmental regimes. There were higher broad-sense heritablity levels for growth traits in this study than in other related studies. Genetic variances and broad-sense heritabilities for all traits markedly increased with stand development in the two hybrid populations; but the increasing rates with age of these two genetic parameters for diameter and volume were more rapid for P. deltoides × P. simonii hybridization than for P. deltoides × P. nigra hybridization. Selection of the best 5% of the clones from P. deltoides × P. simonii and the best 10% from P. deltoides × P. nigra produced mean 6th-year volume growth increases of 51 and 37%, respectively. Relative to P. deltoides, their high parent, the ratio of clonal heterosis of these selected hybrid clones was 5–23% for 6th-year volume. With different selection intensities, early selection of juvenile growth traits for the two populations, P. deltoides × P. simonii and P. deltoides × P. nigra, can also produce substantial indirect genetic gains for short rotation harvest traits. Further studies of Populus yield breeding and selection models were suggested.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Ranking Individuals in Field Tests of Different Designs: A Computer Simulation

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yi Xie ◽  
Y.-B. Fu ◽  
A. D. Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Incomplete Block ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Incomplete Block Design ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Site Variation

Abstract A computer simulation was conducted to investigate the accuracy of ranking individual trees in field tests of different designs. A test population that consists of 900 trees from 45 full-sib families generated by three 6-parent disconnected half-diallels was considered. One incomplete block design with single-tree plots and four complete block designs with 1, 2, 4, and 10-tree row plots were examined. Various narrow-sense heritabilities, site variation patterns (patch sizes and gradient slopes), and two levels of dominant to additive genetic variance ratios (0 and 0.30) were evaluated. Results indicate that the accuracy of ranking depends more on the heritability of the trait and less on the magnitude of the dominant genetic variance, site variation patterns, and field designs. With patchy site variation, differences in ranking accuracy were observed for different designs, but became smaller with higher heritabilities. Impact of environmental gradient on the accuracy of individual ranking was negligible. Incomplete block design with single-tree plots (ICB1) provided the most accurate ranking when heritability was low while complete block design with 2-tree plots (RCB2) appeared to be the best when heritability was high. Large row plot designs were among the least effective in all the simulated scenarios. For traits with medium heritabilities, the statistical efficiencies of ICB1 and RCB with 1 and 2-tree plots are comparable.

scholarly journals Application of Nursery Testing in Long-Term White Spruce Improvement Programs

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhui Weng ◽  
Kathy Tosh ◽  
Yill Sung Park ◽  
Michele S. Fullarton
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Positive Assortative Mating ◽  
The Family ◽  
Improvement Programs

Abstract Polycross-pollinated white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) families were evaluated in field and retrospective nursery tests in 1989, 1991, and 1992, respectively. Height growth was measured at age 10 for the field tests and at ages 1 to 6 for the retrospective nursery tests. Except for a few cases, the family mean correlations between nursery and field heights were significant for the 1989 and 1992 series, and their corresponding genetic correlations ranged from low to medium (from 0.37 to 0.74). Because of heavy noncrop competition, height growth in the 1991 nursery series showed consistently lower heritabilities and correlations with field performance compared with those of the other two series. Early nursery selection by theoretical prediction was generally efficient for the 1989 and 1992 series. Rank classification analysis indicated that application of early nursery selection should be used with caution for identifying elite families but could be used to cull inferior families or clones, apply multiple-stage selection, or perform positive assortative mating.

Design and Field Test of a New Compact Self-Propelled Cabbage Harvester

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1243-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongdong Du ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Luxin Xie ◽  
Fanfei Deng
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Cultivation Method ◽  
Compact Field ◽  
Cutting Rate ◽  
Traditional Fields ◽  
Mechanical Harvester

Abstract. As a labor-intensive operation, manual harvesting greatly affects cost and therefore profitability in the cabbage industry. A new compact self-propelled cabbage harvester for small, separate fields was designed and field tested. This harvester included a crawler chassis, a picking mechanism, a lifting mechanism, a cutting device, and a leaf separator. Results of preliminary field tests showed that the harvester had good flexibility and maneuverability. Results of field performance tests showed that the harvester could pick cabbages with diameters of 15 to 25 cm, providing a harvesting capacity of 0.21 hm2 h-1 and a harvest loss of 10.2%. Compared with experiments conducted in traditional fields, harvest quality showed an improvement in fields with an experimental cultivation method. The harvest loss was reduced by 5.0%, while the picking rate and accurate cutting rate were improved by 3.0% and 5.4%, respectively. Keywords: Cabbage, Compact, Field test, Mechanical harvester, Self-propelled.

scholarly journals TEST OF AN ANIMAL DRAWN FIELD IMPLEMENT CART

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Paolo Spugnoli ◽  
Alessandro Parenti ◽  
Piernicola Masella ◽  
Esteban Melani
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Horse Breed ◽  
Chemical Application ◽  
The Mean

The field performance of a horse-drawn hitch cart equipped with a PTO system powered by the two cart ground wheels have been investigated. For this purpose field tests on clay and turf soil, with varying ballast and PTO torque, have been carried out pulling the cart by a tractor. Preliminary tests were aimed at assessing the traction capability of horse breed. These tests showed that the mean draught force given by two of these horses was 173daN, average working speed was about 1m*s-1, resulting a mean draught power developed by each horse of about 0.86kW. The PTO cart system performance has shown that the torque has not exceeded 2.4daN*m, maximum draught or PTO power was 1.15kW, rotation speed just higher than 400min-1, with mean efficiency of about 50%. These values are consistent with horse performance and small haymaking, fertilizing, seeding and chemical application machine requirements.

A Test of Close-Spaced, Short-Rotation Culture of Black Cottonwood

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Heilman ◽  
D. V. Peabody Jr. ◽  
D. S. DeBell ◽  
R. F. Strand
Keyword(s):  
Height Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pulp Fiber ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Fiber Production ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Rotation Culture ◽  
Slight Damage

Yield of black cottonwood (Populustrichocarpa Torr. and Gray) in 2-year rotations was affected in the first rotation by spacing and fertilization. Closest spacing (0.30 × 0.30 m) resulted in highest yield in the first rotation whereas in the second rotation, yield was not significantly affected by spacing. The average fresh weight yields were 13.4 tons/hectare/year in the first harvest and 20.9 tons/hectare/year in the second harvest. Initial fertilization with both N, and N, P, and K fertilizers improved growth in the first harvest but not in the second. During the first year, triazine herbicides controlled weeds but caused slight damage to the plants. Although there were no significant differences in yield between the herbicides, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) reduced survival and first year height growth below that obtained with propazine (2-chloro-4, 6-bis[isopropylamino]-s-triazine) or simazine (2-chloro-4, 6-bis-ethylamino-s-triazine). Yield results and limited pulping studies show that short rotation black cottonwood has potential value for pulp fiber production.

A Sustained-Yield Scheme for Old-Growth Douglas-fir

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Newton ◽  
Elizebeth C. Cole
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Rotation Culture ◽  
Annual Volume ◽  
Sustained Yield

Abstract From analysis of two Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) stands, 120 and 140 years old, we conclude that managed stands can meet established criteria for old-growth Douglas-fir and simultaneously produce near-maximum yields of good-quality timber. With the management approach outlined here, average annual volume growth may approach that of shorter-rotation culture, but in logs of a size and quality normally found only in older stands, and with minimal impact on high-risk watersheds or old-growth habitat. This possibility encourages development of silvicultural systems that can achieve such goals in a variety of timber types. West. J. Appl. For. 2:22-25, Jan. 1987.

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