The effect of moderate moisture and nutrient stress on bud formation and growth of container-grown white spruce seedlings

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Macey ◽  
J. T. Arnott
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Nutrient Stress ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Free Growth ◽  
Incandescent Lamps ◽  
Short Days ◽  
Needle Primordia

Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss seedlings were grown in controlled environment rooms following germination with a combination of fluorescent and incandescent lamps (ratio, 1.4:1) providing 390 μmol s−1 m−2 of photosynthetically active radiation over a 24-h photoperiod. Moderate moisture and nutrient stress treatments were applied to separate seedling groups (10 weeks from germination) for a 2-week period during the initial free growth phase when mean seedling shoot length had reached 12 cm. Photoperiod was then reduced to 8 h. Both periodic moisture stress (reaching −1.72 MPa) and nutrient withdrawal (N, P, K) were effective in inducing terminal bud formation in container-grown white spruce seedlings under nonlimiting photoperiod and the number of needle primordia subsequently formed in the terminal bud under short days was significantly reduced. However, decreased needle complements in the stressed seedlings did not result in reduced shoot growth in the second growing season. Free growth following extension of the preformed shoot compensated for the reduced amount of predetermined foliage.

Influence of cultural practices on the relationship between frost tolerance and water content of containerized black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine seedlings

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Calmé ◽  
Hank A. Margolis ◽  
Francine J. Bigras
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Short Days

Two experiments were performed to study how cultural practices influenced the relationship between frost tolerance and water content of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), and jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) seedlings. In the first experiment, first-year black spruce seedlings were subjected to 14-d mid-August treatments of short days of 8 h or to natural day length, during which time seedlings were either irrigated or not. In the second experiment, first-year white spruce, black spruce, and jack pine seedlings were fertilized at two levels, normal or double, during the growing season. In the fall, we followed the evolution of frost tolerance, water content (dry weight to fresh weight ratio), height and diameter growth, bud formation, and mineral concentrations of shoots and roots. In the first experiment, short days accelerated frost acclimation, drop in water content, and bud formation. Short days with no irrigation triggered the cessation of height growth. In the second experiment, normal fertilization slightly improved frost tolerance in white spruce. Diameter growth (except for white spruce) and bud formation were enhanced by high nitrogen concentration, whereas no significant effect of fertilization could be found on height growth and water content. In both experiments, the relationship between frost tolerance and water content was independent of treatments and indicated that nontolerant seedlings (lethal temperature for 50% of the seedlings > −10 °C) had dry weight to fresh weight ratios of less than 30% for the three species. Thus, this rapid method of evaluating frost tolerance could be useful to seedling producers in eastern Canada and might be applicable to other species in other regions as well.

The long-short day requirement for flowering in Stylosanthes guianensis

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Trongkongsin ◽  
LR Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Early Summer ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Previous Exposure ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Incandescent Lamps ◽  
Short Days

Five 'tardio' selections of Stylosanthes guianensis ssp. guiunensis var. pauciflora and S. guiunensis var. guianensis cv. Cook were grown in a glasshouse where natural daylength was shortencd, or extended by incandescent lamps. They did not flower or flowered weakly in 152 cycles of 10 h short days (SD), but flowered more rapidly and prolifically if exposed to 30, 60 or 90 16 h long days (LD) followed by 30 10 h cycles than under natural daylength conditions at 27' 30' S. Increasing the previous exposure to LD reduced the number of 10 h cycles to floral initiation. Similar behaviour was exhibited by cv. Bandeirante which did not flower in 131 cycles of 11 h, but which flowered when SD induction followed 45 to 65 cycles of 14 h. Spike density was positively related to number of LD, which favoured first flower appearance on the terminal apices of lateral rather than of main shoots. CIAT 1283 and cv. Cook grown in controlled environment cabinets at 30�/23� (day/night) did not flower in 140 cycles of 10 h SD, but flowered if LD were interposed before SD induction. Cook had a greater LD requirement of 50 cycles of 14 or 15.5 h for floral initiation, whilst CIAT 1283 had a lesser LD requirement and flowered after 20 cycles of 14 or 15.5 h or after 50 cycles of 12.5 h. These data indicate a qualitative long-short day flowering response. This has implications which favour the higher latitudes for seed production and the early summer sowing of seed crops when plants would receive maximum LD exposure before SD induction occurs.

Seedling Size and Age as Factors of Morphogenesis in White Spruce Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss Buds

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F.W. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Day Treatment ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Seedling Size ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Strong Relationships

Terminal bud formation was induced in seedling white spruce of different sizes by transferring seedlings to a 10-week short day treatment at ages ranging from 6 to 16 weeks. Subsequent counts of needles initiated and measurements of height increment showed strong relationships with height and age of seedlings during bud formation. The implications of results for regeneration schemes are discussed.

Effect of nursery culture on morphological development of western hemlock seedlings during field establishment. II. Survival, shoot length components, and needle length

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor O'Reilly ◽  
J.N. Owens ◽  
J.T. Arnott ◽  
B.G. Dunsworth
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Needle Length ◽  
Nursery Culture ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Dormancy Induction ◽  
Short Days

Western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings grown in two different container cavities that received four different dormancy induction treatments, short (SD) or long days (LD) in combination with moisture stress (D) or no stress (W) in the greenhouse, and lifted and placed in cold storage (November, January, or March), were planted on two adjacent coastal reforestation sites in British Columbia and monitored for survival and morphological development. Survival was greatest in seedlings grown in the larger cavities in the greenhouse, in seedlings lifted in March, and in seedlings not treated to moisture stress. Seedling shoots had more stem units on the southeast than the northwest site, but the amount varied with nursery treatment. Seedlings from the LD treatments produced more stem units during free growth and lammas growth than those from the SD treatment. Nevertheless, most shoot growth was predetermined in the buds during nursery culture, accounting for a minimum of 67% of the final number of stem units. Stem unit length (SUL) was longer in seedlings on the southeast site than on the northwest site for those treated to LD in the nursery. Seedlings treated to short days showed the reverse pattern (SDW) to this, or were unaffected by site (SDD). Shoots and needles were shortest for seedlings from the SDD treatment and for those lifted in November. Shoot growth was greatest for seedlings lifted in March and for those treated with LD, mainly owing to their longer SUL. Lammas growth was most frequent in seedlings from the smaller cavities, and in those from the November and March lifts.

scholarly journals Growth and Productivity of Vigorous `Northern Spy'/MM.106 Apple Trees in Response to Annually Applied Growth Control Techniques

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Elfving ◽  
R.A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Growth Regulator Treatment

Beginning in 1982, daminozide (DZ) was applied annually for 5 years to whole, 5-year-old `Northern Spy'/MM.106 (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees: a) shortly after bloom, b) together with ethephon (ETH) 6 to 7 weeks after bloom, or c) after harvest. Controls were unsprayed. One-half of the trees receiving each growth regulator treatment were summer-pruned after terminal-bud formation each year. Postharvest DZ reduced shoot numbers, mean shoot length, trunk enlargement, and fruit size, but had little or no effect on bloom, fruit set, or yield. Postbloom DZ, summer DZ plus ETH, and summer-pruning reduced vegetative growth and time required for dormant-pruning, but only postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH increased spur density in the tree. Postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH increased both flowering and cropping in 3 of the 5 years, with little effect on fruit set. Fruit size was reduced only in years when cropping was enhanced. Total yields (1982-86) were increased 34% and 36% by postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH, respectively. Summer-pruning had no effect on fruit size in any year, but reduced yields in 1984 and 1986. Year-to-year fluctuation in yield was unaffected by any treatment. Growth-control treatments had no direct effect on foliar or fruit macronutrient concentrations. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon).

Variation in response to declining photoperiod among families and stands of white spruce in southeastern Ontario

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. W. Pollard ◽  
C. C. Ying
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Base Population ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Free Growth

Newly germinated seedlings of 66 open-pollinated white spruce Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss families from 11 native stands in southeastern Ontario were investigated for responses to declining photoperiod under controlled environments. Amount of height increment (free growth) during a period of declining photoperiod was studied. Variation in duration of free growth was found mostly associated with the family-within-stand component. The stand effect was negligible and decreased as seedlings aged. Lack of stand differentiation suggests that white spruce stands in. southeastern Ontario may have originated from the same base population. High genetic variation at the family level may reflect an adaptive strategy to cope with the extremely variable local climate.

Development of the shoot apex of blue spruce (Piceapungens)

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Young ◽  
James W. Hanover
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Scale Formation ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Bud Set ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Short Days ◽  
Needle Primordia

Blue spruce (Piceapungens Engelm.) seedlings grown in a nursery for 1 to 5 years and seedlings grown from seed in a greenhouse under continuous light for 2 to 6 months were studied to determine (1) time to bud set on transfer to short days, (2) time to bud-break on subsequent transfer to long days, and (3) the anatomy of the dormant shoot apex. Seasonal development of the shoot apex of a single 50-year-old blue spruce was also monitored.Time to but set on transfer to short days decreased after long periods under continuous light. Time to budbreak on subsequent transfer to long days increased with increasing age in nursery- and greenhouse-grown seedlings. The dormant shoot apex became more highly differentiated as the nursery-grown seedlings aged from 1 to 3 years, then showed no significant difference after 3 years of age.The 50-year-old blue spruce initiated many new needles in the current bud before bud scale formation, which began in mid-May. Needle primordia initiation in the new bud began in late June and slowed down in late August. Apical dome diameter increased and decreased concurrently with the increase and decrease in rate of needle primordia initiation.

scholarly journals Assessing Vascularization Response of Three Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Cultivars to Soil Type, Nutrient Stress, and Water Stress

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas C. Sanders ◽  
Jennifer D. Cure ◽  
Pamela M. Deyton ◽  
Randolph G. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Vascular Development ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Nutrient Stress ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Subjective Rating Scale

Amount of vascular development (veininess) is an important quality factor for processing wholepack tomatoes. The influences of nutrient and soil moisture stress on the amount of vascular development in `Chico III', `Dorchester', and `Roma' tomato fruit were studied. Fruit subjected to nutrient stress showed the highest amount of veininess. Fruit exposed to moisture stress after initial fruit set did not differ from controls in amount of veininess. Amount of vascularization did not differ among cultivars. A method for quantifying veininess was developed and compared with a traditional subjective rating scale. There was a high correlation (r2 = 0.77) between the subjective rating and quantitative measurement of veininess.

BIOASSAY TO SCREEN TOMATO SEEDLINGS FOR TOLERANCE TO METRIBUZIN

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. SOUZA MACHADO ◽  
I. L. NONNECKE ◽  
S. C. PHATAK
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Half Strength

Studies were carried out to develop a nutrient culture technique to select tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes for tolerance to metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)-one], The bioassay consisted of growing tomato seedlings from seed in styrofoam cups modified with cheesecloth bases. The cups were floated on half-strength Hoagland’s solution with metribuzin and placed in controlled environment cabinets maintained at 25 °C, with a light intensity of 24.2 klx for 14 h/day and 80% RH. The nutrient–herbicide solution was changed every 5 days, Metribuzin at 0.25 ppm was the optimum concentration for selection between tolerant and susceptible cultivars, under the environmental conditions described. The seedlings were harvested 15 days after sowing and scored for phytotoxic symptoms; seedling height to the terminal bud was measured. It was possible to screen a large number of seedlings in a confined space, using this technique. Significant differences were noted between tolerant Fireball and Vision cultivars and susceptible Heinz 1706 and Trimson cultivars.

scholarly journals Light reduction and moisture stress: effects on growth and water relations of western larch seedlings

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan C. Vance ◽  
Steven W. Running
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Light Reduction ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Nighttime Temperatures

Ten-week-old western larch (Larixoccidentalis Nutt.) seedlings were grown in a greenhouse under 70, 37, and 27% full sunlight from late July to early October. In August, seedlings under each light treatment were repetitively water stressed until predawn leaf water potential (Bψ1) reached one of three levels: no stress (> −0.4 MPa), moderate stress (−0.7 to −1.0 MPa), and severe stress (−1.5 to −1.8 MPa). Moisture stressing significantly reduced height and diameter of seedlings grown under 70% light. Light reduction reduced shoot and root biomass accumulation. A positive linear relation was found between root dry weight and light intensity. The largest seedlings (on a weight basis) received the highest light, were unstressed, and had the lowest shoot/root ratios. Terminal bud set was not affected by light reduction or moisture stressing but occurred under a 14-h photoperiod and reduced nighttime temperatures. Stressed and shaded seedlings had significantly reduced diurnal K1 and stress-cycled seedlings showed an adjustment to stressing. The K1 of unstressed seedlings was correlated with humidity deficit (ABHD), and K1 of stressed seedlings, with Bψ1, and ABHD. Maximum K1 declined with decreasing Bψ1, but not to a level indicating complete stomatal closure.

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