scholarly journals Assessing Vascularization Response of Three Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Cultivars to Soil Type, Nutrient Stress, and Water Stress

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas C. Sanders ◽  
Jennifer D. Cure ◽  
Pamela M. Deyton ◽  
Randolph G. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Vascular Development ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Nutrient Stress ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Subjective Rating Scale

Amount of vascular development (veininess) is an important quality factor for processing wholepack tomatoes. The influences of nutrient and soil moisture stress on the amount of vascular development in `Chico III', `Dorchester', and `Roma' tomato fruit were studied. Fruit subjected to nutrient stress showed the highest amount of veininess. Fruit exposed to moisture stress after initial fruit set did not differ from controls in amount of veininess. Amount of vascularization did not differ among cultivars. A method for quantifying veininess was developed and compared with a traditional subjective rating scale. There was a high correlation (r2 = 0.77) between the subjective rating and quantitative measurement of veininess.

scholarly journals Wear Comparison of a Plain Toothbrush versus Eleven Commercial Toothbrushes

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Fansiwala BS
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Posterior Teeth ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Manual Toothbrush ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Subjective Rating Scale ◽  
Wear Index

Objective: To compare the wear of the Sound Feelings SOFT Plain Toothbrush 47 tuft (flat bristles) versus eleven manual toothbrushes. Methods: Twelve brand-new manual toothbrushes (n = 35 in each group) were used for comparison. Each toothbrush was run on a toothbrushing simulator with a brushing force of 2N for approximately 2 hours to simulate 1 month of toothbrushing (9,333 strokes @ 45° lingual of posterior teeth, 9,333 strokes on the top surface, and 9,333 strokes @ 45° buccal of posterior teeth), using the Bass technique on a quadrant typodont. Wear was measured by wear index and wear rating. The Wear index measures the degree of bristle splaying whereby the bristles spread apart and take on a permanent curvature. Wear rating is a subjective rating scale consisting of a series of four numbers increasing from zero to three. The Olympus SZX16 microscope was used to measure the wear rating then was inputted into a formula and averaged. The subjective wear seen as bristle splay/ curling was also measured and recorded. Comparison of the wear index and wear rating between each manual toothbrush was conducted using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Wear index and wear rating for all toothbrushes ranged from 0.03 to 0.34 and from 0.57 to 2.06, respectively. There was a significant difference in the wear index between each toothbrush and the Sound Feelings SOFT Plain toothbrush. The difference in the wear rating was significant between the Sound Feelings SOFT Plain toothbrush and all other toothbrushes other than the Reach Advanced Design Soft toothbrush. Conclusion: The Sound Feelings SOFT Plain Toothbrush had the lowest wear rating and index among all the manual toothbrushes tested.

Measuring Cognitive Load

2007 ◽  
pp. 188-194
Author(s):  
N. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Subjective Rating Scale ◽  
Very High ◽  
The Web

Cognitive load theory describes learning in terms of a processing system when all too often working memory is overloaded and learning is impeded. Measuring cognitive load is an important component of research in the area of information processing. The design, delivery, and administration of an instrument, as well as its reliability and validity are discussed as a solution to the measurement of cognitive load. A nine-point subjective rating scale ranging from very, very low (1) to very, very high (9) measures cognitive load, defined as the mental effort needed to complete a task. It is a replica of the instrument used by Paas (1992) and Paas and van Merriënboer (1994). The measurement instrument can be used both on paper and on the Web.

scholarly journals Subjective rating scale for discourse

Medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. e14041 ◽  
Author(s):  
JungWan Kim ◽  
Jihye Shim ◽  
Ji Hye Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Subjective Rating Scale

scholarly journals Cognitive Load Theory: An Empirical Study of Anxiety and Task Performance in Language Learning

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
I-Jung Chen ◽  
Chi-Cheng Chang
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Cognitive Load Theory ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Load Theory ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
Subjective Rating Scale ◽  
And Task

Introducción. Este estudio explora la relación entre tres variables: carga cognitiva, ansiedad hacia el idioma extranjero (IE) y, rendimiento en las tareas. La carga cognitiva hace referencia a la carga que lleva la memoria de trabajo mientras se realiza una tarea en específico. Los autores mantienen la hipótesis de que la ansiedad resta recursos a la memoria de trabajo, dejando reducida capacidad para las actividades cognitivas, e impidiendo así la eficacia.Método. Los participantes fueron 88 estudiantes matriculados en carreras de cuatro años en una universidad técnica de Taiwán. Estudiantes de filología inglesa fueron excluidos. La Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale [Escala de ansiedad en el aula de idioma extranjero] se utilizó para evaluar sus niveles de ansiedad; la Cognitive Load Subjective Rating Scale [Escala para el baremo subjetivo de la carga cognitiva] se utilizó para medir la carga cognitiva mientras realizaban una tarea de comprensión oral en inglés.Resultados. Los estudiantes con mayor ansiedad hacia el idioma extranjero también incurrían en una mayor carga cognitiva. La ansiedad hacia el IE y la carga cognitiva presentaban una correlación negativa con la comprensión oral.Discusión. Los aprendices que sufren más ansiedad incurren en una mayor carga cognitiva y consiguen peores resultados en sus exámenes. Para favorecer la eficacia del aprendizaje, se recomienda a los docentes que identifiquen las situaciones que provoquen ansiedad y que creen un ambiente de apoyo en el aprendizaje, lo que permitiría que los aprendices dedicasen los recursos de la memoria de trabajo totalmente a las tareas de aprendizaje.

scholarly journals Measurement of Cognitive Load in Instructional Research

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 419-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred G. W. C. Paas ◽  
Jeroen J. G. van Merriënboer ◽  
Jos J. Adam
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Subjective Rating Scale ◽  
Instructional Research

The results of two of our recent empirical studies were considered to assess the usefulness of subjective ratings and cardiovascular measures of mental effort in instructional research. Based on its reliability and sensitivity, the subjective rating-scale technique met the requirements to be useful in instructional research whereas the cardiovascular technique did not. It was concluded that the usefulness of both measurement techniques in instructional research needs to be investigated further.

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