Effects of application rate and cold soaking pretreatment of Pisolithus spores on effectiveness as nursery inoculum on western conifers

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel F. Alvarez ◽  
James M. Trappe
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Mycorrhiza Formation ◽  
Bare Root

Ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Shasta red (Abiesmagnified var. shastensis Lemm.), and white fir (Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hild.) seedlings were inoculated in a bare root nursery with basidiospores of Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch. The spores were applied at three rates with or without cold–wet pretreatment of 7 or 21 days. Pretreatment did not affect spore efficiency as inoculum. Only ponderosa pine responded to inoculation. Inoculations in the greenhouse with a wider range of spore application rates revealed that a higher concentration of spores was needed to induce an increase in growth and mycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir than ponderosa pine. These levels were much higher than those used in nursery inoculations.

Inoculation of container-grown Douglas-fir seedlings with basidiospores of Rhizopogonvinicolor and R. colossus: effects of fertility and spore application rate

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Castellano ◽  
James M. Trappe ◽  
Randy Molina
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizer ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Regimes

Basidiospores of Rhizopogonvinicolor Smith and R. colossus Smith were inoculated onto container-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings and grown under two levels of soluble fertilizer and one level of slow-release fertilizer. Both fungi formed abundant ectomycorrhizae on more than 54% of feeder roots under the soluble fertilizer regimes. Slow-release fertilizer suppressed mycorrhizal formation by both fungi. Height growth was significantly increased under low fertility with all basidiospore application rates of R. colossus and the three lowest application rates of R. vinicolor. The high fertility regime produced plantable Douglas-fir seedlings with abundant ectomycorrhizae of R. colossus and R. vinicolor.

Symptom expression in conifers infected with Armillaria ostoyae and Heterobasidion annosum

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1210-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W Omdal ◽  
Charles G Shaw, III ◽  
William R Jacobi
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Armillaria Ostoyae ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Old Trees

Crown symptoms and other aboveground variables were examined on 36 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) (40–209 years old), 46 white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.) (36–165 years old), and 97 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) (64–220 years old) trees in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. Root systems of all trees were excavated to determine extent of root disease. Symptoms observed on infected trees, including reductions in height growth, changes in foliage characteristics, and crown dieback, worsened as the number of infected roots increased. Trees with aboveground symptoms had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) number of infected lateral roots than trees without symptoms. In mixed conifer stands on the Archuleta Mesa, Colo., four qualitative crown symptoms were used to accurately detect Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink and (or) Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. infection of Douglas-fir (21/22, or 95%) and white fir (19/28, or 68%). Similarly, 61% (48/79) of the A. ostoyae infected ponderosa pine trees on the Jemez site, N.M., were detected using the qualitative Thomson vigor rating system. Discriminate analysis, using more thorough variables and analysis, resulted in correct infection classifications of 82%, 85%, and 78% for Douglas-fir, white fir, and ponderosa pine, respectively, suggesting that aboveground variables are reasonable indicators of root disease.

Ectomycorrhizal formation and plantation performance of Douglas-fir nursery stock inoculated with Rhizopogon spores

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Castellano ◽  
James M. Trappe
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Root Collar

Basidiospores of seven species of hypogeous, ectomycorrhizal fungi were inoculated on four conifer species in a bare-root nursery. Inoculation with either Rhizopogonvinicolor Smith or Rhizopogoncolossus Smith succeeded with two provenances of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco). For R. vinicolor, the high spore-application rate produced the most mycorrhizae on the greatest number of seedlings. For R. colossus, the high spore-application rate produced the most mycorrhizae on the greatest number of seedlings of seed source 062, whereas the medium rate did better with seed source 252. Stem height and root collar diameter of seedling did not differ significantly between treatments and controls. Douglas-fir seedlings inoculated or not inoculated with spores of R. vinicolor were outplanted in southwestern Oregon. After 2 years, inoculated seedlings had significantly greater survival, stem height, root collar diameter, and biomass than noninoculated seedlings. Although new feeder roots of both noninoculated and inoculated seedlings were colonized by indigenous fungi, R. vinicolor persisted on the old root systems of inoculated seedlings and colonized new feeder roots.

Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on early seedling growth of Pinaceae species

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan V. Kossuth ◽  
R. Hilton Biggs
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Radiation Level ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Noble Fir

Seven coniferous species were grown in the Duke University phytotron under five ultraviolet-B (UV-B = 280–320 nm) radiation regimes for 11 weeks. The irradiation regimes were 765, 680, 637, 310, and 28 mW•m−2 as summed over the 280–320 nm UV-B waveband. The UV-B radiation source was FS40 Westinghouse sunlamps filtered with cellulose acetate for four treatment irradiation levels and clear Mylar for the control. Biomass production of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.), loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), noble fir (Abiesprocera Redh.), ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.), and slash pine (Pinuselliottii Engelm.) was significantly reduced at the highest UV-B radiation level and somewhat less at the lower levels. These species were rated as slightly susceptible (5–25% reduction in biomass). Biomass production of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) was unaffected, and white fir (Abiesconcolor (Gord. and Glenn.) Lindl.) biomass was increased significantly by UV-B radiation at 310, 637, and 680 mW•m−2 UV-B radiation levels. Root weight tended to be reduced more than shoot weight, thereby decreasing root:shoot ratios significantly in certain UV-B regimes. Leaf area declined significantly with increasing UV-B radiation for all species except white fir and Douglas-fir. At the higher UV-B irradiance levels, height was significantly reduced when compared with the Mylar control on loblolly, lodgepole, ponderosa, slash pines, and noble fir, respectively. Height of Douglas-fir was not altered and height of white fir was increased significantly at the lowest level of UV-B radiation tested.

scholarly journals Deterioration of Fire-Killed Timber in Southern Oregon and Northern California

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eini C. Lowell ◽  
James M. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Percent Loss ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Second Year ◽  
One Year

Abstract Deterioration of fire-killed timber in the coastal mountains of southern Oregon and northern California was monitored over a 3 yr period (1988-1990). Defect was identified and measured on felled and bucked sample trees by using Scribner and cubic scaling rules. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), white fir (A. concolor),ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), covering a wide range of geographic areas, site conditions, and tree size and age, were studied. One year after death, Douglas-fir, sugar pine, and ponderosa pine had lost about 1% and the true firs 5% of their cubic volume. The sapwood of the pines was heavily stained. The occurrence of sap rot and weather checks increased the second year. Percent loss in all species was correlated with small-end scaling diameter. A logistic regression model predicting the incidence of cull was developed for use on logs that have been dead for 3 yr. West. J. Appl. For. 11(4):125-131.

Dusting roots of Abiesconcolor and other conifers with Pisolithustinctorius spores at outplanting time proves ineffective

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1021-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel F. Alvarez ◽  
James M. Trappe
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Soil Scarification

Dusting roots of white fir (Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.), shasta red fir (Abiesmagnifica var. shastensis Lemm.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), and ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) with Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch (Pt) spores when outplanted produced no Pt mycorrhizae at the end of the first growing season. In the 3rd year occasional Pt mycorrhizae had formed on white fir. Inoculations reduced seedling survival in some cases. High rate of spore application may have desiccated roots of the true firs; levels of spore application need careful attention. Soil scarification and ripping significantly promoted growth of white fir seedlings compared with scarification alone.

scholarly journals Group selection management in conifer forests: relationships between opening size and tree growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A York ◽  
Robert C Heald ◽  
John J Battles ◽  
Jennifer D York
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Giant Sequoia

Replicated circular openings ranging in size from 0.1 to 1 ha were cleared in 1996 at Blodgett Forest Research Station, California, and planted with seedlings of six native species. After 5 years of postharvest growth, heights were measured and analyzed according to species, opening size, and location within opening. The sequence of mean height from tallest to shortest, according to species, was as follows: giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz) > incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin) > Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) ≈ ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) > sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) ≈ white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.). To describe the influence of openings size on seedling height, we use an information-theoretic approach to select from competing models that predicted fifth-year height from group selection opening size. Asymptotic fits (modeled with Michaelis–Menton curves) were selected for giant sequoia, ponderosa pine, sugar pine, and incense-cedar. Quadratic fits were selected for white fir and Douglas-fir. Linear models predicting increasing growth with opening size were consistently ruled out for all species. Although a marked depression in seedling-height growth occurred along the edges within the openings, mean annual radial increment of the 90-year-old border trees surrounding the openings increased by 30%, compared with other canopy trees in the forested matrix between openings.

scholarly journals Effect of different soil and weather conditions on efficacy, selectivity and dissipation of herbicides in sunflower

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 468-476
Author(s):  
Miroslav Jursík ◽  
Martin Kočárek ◽  
Michaela Kolářová ◽  
Lukáš Tichý
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Vertical Transport ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
High Precipitation

Six sunflower herbicides were tested at two application rates (1N and 2N) on three locations (with different soil types) within three years (2015–2017). Efficacy of the tested herbicides on Chenopodium album increased with an increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. Efficacy of pendimethalin was 95%, flurochloridone and aclonifen 94%, dimethenamid-P 72%, pethoxamid 49% and S-metolachlor 47%. All tested herbicides injured sunflower on sandy soil (Regosol) which had the lowest CEC, especially in wet conditions (phytotoxicity 27% after 1N application rate). The highest phytotoxicity was recorded after the application of dimethenamid-P (19% at 1N and 45% at 2N application rate). Main symptoms of phytotoxicity were leaf deformations and necroses and the damage of growing tips, which led to destruction of some plants. Aclonifen, pethoxamid and S-metolachlor at 1N did not injure sunflower on the soil with the highest CEC (Chernozem) in any of the experimental years. Persistence of tested herbicides was significantly longer in Fluvisol (medium CEC) compared to Regosol and Chernozem. Dimethenamid-P showed the shortest persistence in Regosol and Chernozem. The majority of herbicides was detected in the soil layer 0–5 cm in all tested soils. Vertical transport of herbicides in soil was affected by the herbicide used, soil type and weather conditions. The highest vertical transport was recorded for dimethenamid-P and pethoxamid (4, resp. 6% of applied rate) in Regosol in the growing season with high precipitation.  

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