Black spruce crown fuel weights in northern Ontario

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Stocks
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
North Central ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Live Fuels ◽  
Crown Biomass ◽  
Fuel Particles ◽  
Fuel Components

Eighty black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) trees from four pulpwood stands in north central Ontario were sampled to determine crown fuel weights. Crown fuel components, both living and dead, were separated into size classes precise enough for use in forest fire behavior research. Regression equations expressing various crown fuel components as a function of tree diameters at breast height (DBH) were derived, and the resulting.R2 values were between 0.75 and 0.84.Total crown biomass figures are presented herein for the four stands sampled. Approximately 80% of the total crown weight per hectare is made up of fuel particles ≤0.64 cm in diameter (including needle foliage). Live fuels make up approximately 74% of total crown weight per hectare.

Alternate Strip Clearcutting in Upland Black Spruce: VIII. Shallow-soil Ecosystems and Their Classification

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Sims ◽  
William D. Towill
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Fragile Sites ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Shallow Soil ◽  
Soil Ecosystems ◽  
Shallow Soils

Shallow-soil sites in the Nipigon-Beardmore area of northern Ontario are widespread and pose unique operational problems for forest managers. Several working definitions of shallow soils are used in Ontario. More accurate regional definitions are required in order that silvicultural decisions for these sometimes fragile sites may be refined or new ones developed. Harvesting and silvicultural options for shallow-soil sites are limited in the North Central Region.A program of Forest Ecosystem Classification (FEC) for the North Central Region has been designed to provide better understanding of shallow sites and a framework of standardized definitions. The FEC describes several shallow-soil types that occur over boulder pavement or bedrock, and differentiates mainly on the basis of depth-to-rock contact, surface organic material thickness and texture of the primary mineral soil particles. Operational application of this classification may require identification of complexes of shallow-soil types.

scholarly journals Prediction Equations for Black Spruce Seed Production and Dispersal in Northern Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Payandeh ◽  
V. F. Haavisto
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Nonlinear Regression ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Solution Of Equations ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Nonlinear regression equations were developed to describe seed production and dispersal in black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.]B.S.P.)in northern Ontario. Solution of the equations can provide useful information beyond the range of the original data, because of the flexibility of the models used. For example, solution of equations 1-3 indicates that cones from intermediate crown class trees initially have about twice as many seeds as those of either the dominant or codominant trees, but disperse their seeds at a much faster rate. Average number of seeds per cone for all three crown classes is about 7 after 10 years. Older cones of the intermediate crown class trees have fewest seeds per cone. Solution of equation 4 indicates that average seed viability is about 53% and decreases only slightly during the first three years. It then decreases very rapidly up to 12 years to about 5%. Similarly, equations 6 and 7 may be solved to determine an optimum strip-cut width for sufficient seedfall across the strip to produce satisfactory regeneration.

Factors Influencing the Weight of Black Spruce and Balsam Fir Stems

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Pnevmaticos ◽  
T. A. Jaeger ◽  
E. Perem
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Green Density ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Factors Influencing

The factors influencing green weight of black spruce and balsam fir stems were investigated. It was found that for black spruce stems, moisture content and sapwood content could be predicted by the age and height of the tree. For balsam fir, however, it was difficult to establish meaningful correlations. Stem bark volume was well correlated for both species with diameter at breast height. Regression equations for stem green density with different combinations of independent variables estimated at breast height were developed; it was found that breast height specific gravity and moisture content were the most important variables in predicting stem green density. Stem wood volume was very well correlated with stem weight immediately after felling.

An investigation of product form

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 768-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Roebbelen ◽  
V. G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Product Form ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Diameter Outside Bark

Product form (P) of a tree has been defined as the product of diameter-outside-bark at midheight above breast height (d) and total height (H) (P = d × H). It is used along with diameter breast height (D) in product form volume equations (VPF = f(P,D)) for estimating individual tree volumes. It is hypothesized that for each coniferous species, there exists some optimal height at which a diameter measurement can be taken and used in a product form term to estimate the inside-bark volume with minimum error. Regression equations and simpler expressions of the form V = D2 × H × F were developed for red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) using six upper diameter locations. The optimal location of the upper diameter was found to be 50% of the total height for red pine and white pine and 47% of total height for jack pine and black spruce. Product form is redefined as P = d* × H where d* = diameter-outside-bark at that average relative height on the tree where d* = (2 × V)/(D × H) as determined from a small sample of scaled trees, for each species and H = total height of tree.

scholarly journals Growth and Survival Functions for Three Planted Species in Northern Ontario

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Payandeh
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Nonlinear Regression Models ◽  
Silvicultural Practices ◽  
Choice Of Species

Abstract As a prelude to modeling forest regeneration in Ontario, growth and survival equations were developed for black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine. Large data sets from 18 operational outplanting and 23 plantation assessments in northern Ontario were used to construct predictive equations. These regression equations were derived by first identifying the factors affecting plantation performance via stepwise regression analysis, and then developing nonlinear regression models expressing plantation growth and survival as a function of silvicultural practices, management options, site productivity, and age. Management options included the choice of species, stock type, and planting site, while silvicultural practices consisted of site preparation, season of planting, and release operations. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):19-23.

scholarly journals A Range Extension for the Rock Vole, Microtus chrotorrhinus, in Labrador

2005 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah W. Lansing
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Range Extension ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Southern Island

Rock Voles (Microtus chrotorrhinus) were previously documented only from the southern coast of Labrador and the Strait of Belle Isle south of Hamilton Inlet. During two field seasons in 2000 and 2001, both in July, six Rock Vole specimens were collected on Southern Island, off the north-central coast of Labrador, extending the range of the subspecies Microtus chrotorrhinus ravus approximately 250 km to the central Labrador coast north of Hamilton Inlet. Rock Voles were trapped primarily in stunted Black Spruce (Picea mariana) forest and areas associated with rocks, thick brush, and water.

Characterizing Canopy Fuels to Predict Fire Behavior in Pitch Pine Stands

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Duveneck ◽  
William A. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Crown Fire ◽  
Pinus Rigida ◽  
Canopy Fuels ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Thinning Operations ◽  
Pine Stands

Abstract Destructive sampling of 31 pitch pine (Pinus rigida P. Mill) trees ranging in dbh from 2.7 to 42.5 cm and in height from 4.1 to 23.8 m provided a complete inventory of needles and small-diameter branch weights used to characterize canopy fuels to predict fire behavior in pitch pine stands. Regression equations using dbh as an independent variable predict canopy bulk density with an r2 > 0.93. The results provide managers with a method of evaluating the effectiveness of thinning operations in reducing crown fire potential in well-stocked stands. To demonstrate the application of the method, we calculated the wind speed (Crowning Index [CI]) needed to sustain an active crown fire in thinned and unthinned pitch pine stands in Montague, Massachusetts. Thinning to 2.8 m2/ha basal area increased the CI from 34 to 98 km/hour.

Hand and Machine Tree Planting in Northern Ontario

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 477-478
Author(s):  
W. C. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Rock Outcrops ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Precambrian Shield ◽  
Limited Scale ◽  
Commercial Forest

Northern Ontario lies entirely in the Precambrian Shield with its many rock outcrops, sand plains, valleys and extensive lowlands.Tree planting started on a limited scale in Northern Ontario in the 1920's but it was not until the mid-fifties that the program really expanded into millions of trees.White spruce, black spruce, jack pine, red pine and white pine are the most important species planted for commercial forest products.The advent of new site preparation techniques has made possible the planting of areas that were previously by-passed.Due to the rugged conditions in Northern Ontario, tree planting by machine is still not too prevalent.For the purpose of this paper, Northern Ontario is that portion of the province lying north of the historic fur-trading route of the French and Mattawa Rivers and the Great Lakes. The area is made up entirely of Precambrian shield with many outcrops of rock, sand plains of jack pine, valleys and extensive lowlands of spruce.

THE DIAPAUSE AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN GILPINIA POLYTOMA (HARTIG): IV. INFLUENCE OF FOOD AND DIAPAUSE UPON REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY

1941 ◽  
Vol 19d (12) ◽  
pp. 417-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Prebble
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
Practical Effect ◽  
Prolonged Diapause

Methods of sampling, determination of reproductive capacity, and analysis of data are described. Various physical measurements are positively correlated with reproductive capacity, but regression equations are unsatisfactory for estimation of fecundity outside of the population in which the relationships have been determined, due to variability in the degree of joint variation of size and fecundity under different feeding conditions. Field populations developed on white spruce are more fecund than those developed on black spruce; reductions of 30% or more may result from periodic food shortage.Reproductive capacity of females emerging over a period of three to five years in each of 20 populations, failed to show any consistent trend in relation to the diapause period. From this, and also from the slight reduction in eonymphal dry weight over extended intervals at favourable temperature, it is concluded that the destruction of eonymphal reserves during diapause proceeds very slowly and has no practical effect upon fecundity of females issuing after prolonged diapause.

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