scholarly journals Prediction Equations for Black Spruce Seed Production and Dispersal in Northern Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Payandeh ◽  
V. F. Haavisto
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Nonlinear Regression ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Solution Of Equations ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Nonlinear regression equations were developed to describe seed production and dispersal in black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.]B.S.P.)in northern Ontario. Solution of the equations can provide useful information beyond the range of the original data, because of the flexibility of the models used. For example, solution of equations 1-3 indicates that cones from intermediate crown class trees initially have about twice as many seeds as those of either the dominant or codominant trees, but disperse their seeds at a much faster rate. Average number of seeds per cone for all three crown classes is about 7 after 10 years. Older cones of the intermediate crown class trees have fewest seeds per cone. Solution of equation 4 indicates that average seed viability is about 53% and decreases only slightly during the first three years. It then decreases very rapidly up to 12 years to about 5%. Similarly, equations 6 and 7 may be solved to determine an optimum strip-cut width for sufficient seedfall across the strip to produce satisfactory regeneration.

scholarly journals Seed Production in Grafted Clonal Orchards at Longlac, Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McPherson ◽  
E. K. Morgenstern ◽  
B. S. P. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Cone Development ◽  
Number Of Seeds

One seed orchard each of black spruce (Picea mariana) [Mill.] B.S.P.) and white spruce (Picea glauca) [Moench] Voss) was established in northern Ontario gradually during the 1958-78 period. Each species was represented by approximately 45 clones and 450 ramets. During the whole period, records were kept of cone production by individual ramets and of seed production by clones expressed as average number of seeds per cone extracted and germinated. Substantial cone production began 8 years after grafting in black spruce and after 10 years in white spruce. The figures indicated that a clonal orchard of black spruce planted at 5 × 5 m spacing (400 ramets) produces approximately 1 million sound seeds per ha per year; the white spruce equivalent is 900 000. Conditions of cone development and cone storage and damage by insects and fungi can reduce germination of the sound seed harvested by about 20%.

Growth and nitrogen retranslocation of nutrient loaded Picea mariana seedlings planted on boreal mixedwood sites

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1357-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moses Imo ◽  
Victor R Timmer
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Nursery Culture ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Seedling Biomass

Enhanced nutrient mobilization from old to current growth is a key mechanism that confers competitive ability to nutrient-loaded black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings planted on high-competition forest sites in northern Ontario. This study examines effects of nutrient loading and differing vegetation management (herbicide, fertilization, shading) on growth, partitioning, and net retranslocation of N between current and old shoots of newly planted black spruce seedlings on six contrasting boreal sites. Nutrient loading during nursery culture improved seedling growth and N uptake and retranslocation after transplanting. Herbicide application accelerated growth and N uptake only on the high-competition Alnus, hardwood, and mixedwood sites but had no effect on the less competitive feathermoss and Vaccinium sites. Weed removal on competitive sites reduced N retranslocation significantly. Field fertilization reduced N retranslocation in seedlings and promoting tree growth and N uptake on the less competitive feathermoss and Vaccinium sites. However, fertilization stimulated weeds on high-competition sites suppressing seedling biomass and N uptake. Factors that seem to affect net N retranslocation include the type and level of internal N reserves, biomass and N accumulation and partitioning, external N supply, and other stresses that limit plant growth such as competition.

scholarly journals Shelter Spot Seeding Trials with Jack Pine, Black Spruce and White Spruce in Northern Ontario

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 446-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. J. Dominy ◽  
J. E. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Medium Sand ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Bare Spot ◽  
Height Data

Seeding trials were established on four different sites in northern Ontario (46°41′N to 49°19′N) in 1979 and 1980. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) was seeded on two medium sand sites, black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) on a sandy clay site, and white spruce (P. glauca [Moench] Voss) on a clay site. Conventional bare spot seeding was compared with spot seeding under Finnish-designed plastic shelters. At least two seeding dates were compared in each trial. Third- and fifth-year stocking and fifth-year height data are presented.Stocking of all three species was increased, regardless of sowing date, when shelters were used. With the exception of June-sown black spruce and one June sowing of jack pine, height growth was not significantly improved through the use of seed shelters. Shelters may prove to be a viable regeneration option only on cooler, exposed sites with little vegetative competition. Key words: Shelter spot seeding, bare spot seeding, Pinus banksiana Lamb., Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P., P. glauca [Moench] Voss.

Fire and substrate interact to control the northern range limit of black spruce (Picea mariana) in Alaska

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 2480-2493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea H. Lloyd ◽  
Christopher L. Fastie ◽  
Hilary Eisen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Range Limit ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Substrate Effects ◽  
Northern Range Limit

Black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) is a common treeline species in eastern Canada but rare at treeline in Alaska. We investigated fire and substrate effects on black spruce populations at six sites along a 74 km transect in the Brooks Range, Alaska. Our southern sites, on a surface deglaciated >50 000 years ago, had significantly more acidic soils, more black spruce, and higher seed viability than our northern sites, which were deglaciated approximately 13 000 years ago. Despite similar fire history at five of our six sites, postfire recruitment dynamics varied with surface age. Sexual reproduction was vigorous in both postfire and nonfire years in populations on the older surface. On the younger surface, vigorous sexual reproduction was restricted to postfire decades and clonal reproduction by branch layering predominated in nonfire years. At the northernmost site, which was unburned, black spruce reproduced almost exclusively by layering. The species’ northern range limit thus reflects an interaction between fire and substrate: on recently deglaciated surfaces, sexual reproduction is restricted to postfire years. This substrate-induced dependence on fire may restrict the range of black spruce to sites that burn sufficiently often to allow occasional sexual reproduction.

Black spruce crown fuel weights in northern Ontario

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Stocks
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
North Central ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Live Fuels ◽  
Crown Biomass ◽  
Fuel Particles ◽  
Fuel Components

Eighty black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) trees from four pulpwood stands in north central Ontario were sampled to determine crown fuel weights. Crown fuel components, both living and dead, were separated into size classes precise enough for use in forest fire behavior research. Regression equations expressing various crown fuel components as a function of tree diameters at breast height (DBH) were derived, and the resulting.R2 values were between 0.75 and 0.84.Total crown biomass figures are presented herein for the four stands sampled. Approximately 80% of the total crown weight per hectare is made up of fuel particles ≤0.64 cm in diameter (including needle foliage). Live fuels make up approximately 74% of total crown weight per hectare.

scholarly journals A Height Growth Model and Associated Growth Intercept Models for Estimating Site Index in Black Spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) Plantations in Northern Ontario, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Martin M. Kwiaton ◽  
Jian R. Wang ◽  
Douglas E.B. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Growth Intercept

Abstract Site quality is a key component of growth and yield models because height growth rates are known to be influenced by available site resources. Accurate prediction of future growth and yield requires site quality information for both plantations and natural stands. The forest industry in northern Ontario relies on high-quality wood and fiber from black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.); therefore, these tools are essential to ensure sustainable forest management. Although there are site index (SI) models for natural-origin black spruce stands in northern Ontario, models for estimating site quality of young black spruce plantations have not been developed. We used stem analysis data collected from 62 plantations (>40 years of age) of pure black spruce across northern Ontario to develop height growth, SI, and variable growth intercept models. The distinct height growth patterns we observed may be attributed to early silvicultural treatments (site preparation and herbicide) in plantations allowing black spruce trees to attain breast height (1.3 m) faster than in fire-origin stands in northern Ontario. Our models can be used to estimate site quality of black spruce plantations, a key consideration for silviculture and forest management planning. We also compare our managed stand SI model to one we developed from a comparable subset of data from black spruce growing in unmanaged stands and propose a method to assign an SI with a common base age to pure upland black spruce stands regardless of origin.

Age and size effects on seed productivity of northern black spruce

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 534-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayme N. Viglas ◽  
Carissa D. Brown ◽  
Jill F. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Cone Production

Slow-growing conifers of the northern boreal forest may require several decades to reach reproductive maturity, making them vulnerable to increases in disturbance frequency. Here, we examine the relationship between stand age and seed productivity of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) in Yukon Territory and Alaska. Black spruce trees were aged and surveyed for cone production and seed viability across 30 even-aged stands ranging from 12 to 197 years old. Logistic regression indicated that individual trees had a ∼50% probability of producing cones by age 30 years, which increased to 90% by age 100 years. Cone and seed production increased steadily with age or basal area at both the tree and stand level, with no evidence of declining seed production in trees older than 150 years. Using published seed:seedling ratios, we estimated that postfire recruitment will be limited by seed availability in stands for up to 50 years (on high-quality seedbeds) to 150 years (low-quality seedbeds) after fire. By quantifying these age and seed productivity relationships, we can improve our ability to predict the sensitivity of conifer seed production to a range of disturbance frequencies and thus anticipate changes in boreal forest resilience to altered fire regime.

scholarly journals Growth and Survival Functions for Three Planted Species in Northern Ontario

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Payandeh
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Nonlinear Regression Models ◽  
Silvicultural Practices ◽  
Choice Of Species

Abstract As a prelude to modeling forest regeneration in Ontario, growth and survival equations were developed for black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine. Large data sets from 18 operational outplanting and 23 plantation assessments in northern Ontario were used to construct predictive equations. These regression equations were derived by first identifying the factors affecting plantation performance via stepwise regression analysis, and then developing nonlinear regression models expressing plantation growth and survival as a function of silvicultural practices, management options, site productivity, and age. Management options included the choice of species, stock type, and planting site, while silvicultural practices consisted of site preparation, season of planting, and release operations. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):19-23.

Effects of 2,4-D on Seed Production and Embryo Development of Curly Dock

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Maun ◽  
P. B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Lithium Salt ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Rumex Crispus ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Days After Anthesis ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Lithium salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) (1000 ppm) was sprayed on plants of curly dock (Rumex crispus L.) 12 days before anthesis, at an thesis, 7 days after anthesis, and 34 days after anthesis. Treatment 12 days before anthesis completely prevented the formation of viable seeds. Two percent of the seeds had minute embryos after treatment at anthesis, but even these seeds did not germinate. Embryos were present in 91% of the seeds from plants treated 7 days after anthesis. These embryos ranged in size from 0.5 to 2.5 mm. The total weight of seeds obtained was significantly less than the control and only 5 to 15% of these seeds were capable of germination. Spraying the inflorescences 34 days after anthesis did not affect the number of seeds produced or seed viability. Almost all plants remained alive after the harvest.

Microfungi associated with the mycorrhizal mantle and adjacent microhabitats within the rhizosphere of black spruce

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1085-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Summerbell
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Cornus Canadensis ◽  
Understory Plant ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Root Surfaces

Microfungi were isolated from serially washed ectomycorrhizae of Picea mariana (black spruce) collected in boreal northern Ontario. This assemblage of microfungal isolates was compared with others isolated from surface-sterilized ectomycorrhizae, adjacent suberized feeder-root surfaces, and rhizosphere soil. In addition, a comparison was carried out with microfungi isolated from serially washed assimilative rootlets of Cornus canadensis, an endomycorrhizal understory plant. The most common microfungi from spruce mycorrhizae included Mycelium radicis atrovirens alpha and an undescribed nonsporulating fungus, as well as Micromucor isabellinus, Penicillium spinulosum, and Penicillium montanense. None of the fungi isolated from ectomycorrhizae appeared to have a high degree of specificity for the mycorrhizal mantle. The assemblage of species isolated from ectomycorrhizae was relatively similar to those obtained from suberized root surfaces and from assimilative rootlets of C. canadensis.

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