Factors Influencing the Weight of Black Spruce and Balsam Fir Stems

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Pnevmaticos ◽  
T. A. Jaeger ◽  
E. Perem
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Green Density ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Factors Influencing

The factors influencing green weight of black spruce and balsam fir stems were investigated. It was found that for black spruce stems, moisture content and sapwood content could be predicted by the age and height of the tree. For balsam fir, however, it was difficult to establish meaningful correlations. Stem bark volume was well correlated for both species with diameter at breast height. Regression equations for stem green density with different combinations of independent variables estimated at breast height were developed; it was found that breast height specific gravity and moisture content were the most important variables in predicting stem green density. Stem wood volume was very well correlated with stem weight immediately after felling.

scholarly journals Single-tree Equations for Estimating Biomass of Trembling Aspen, Large Tooth Aspen and White Birch in Ontario

1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Alemdag ◽  
K. W. Horton
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Whole Tree

Ovendry mass of single trees of trembling aspen, largetooth aspen, and white birch in the Great Lakes — St. Lawrence and Boreal forest regions in Ontario was studied in relation to stem dimensions. Mass equations for tree components based on diameter at breast height outside bark and tree height were developed. Results were found more dependable for stem wood and the whole tree than for stem bark, live branches, and twigs plus leaves. Ovendry mass values were slightly higher than those reported for New York and northern Minnesota.

scholarly journals Coefficients de distribution de la régénération, cinq ans après des coupes avec protection des petites tiges marchandes appliquées dans des sapinières et des pessières noires du Québec

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (05) ◽  
pp. 669-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Riopel ◽  
Jean Bégin ◽  
Jean-Claude Ruel
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Coniferous Species ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Heavy Equipment

For certain mature forests dominated by balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) or black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP), it may be preferable to harvest trees with diameter at breast height greater than 15 cm while conserving smaller ones. This treatment, called harvesting with protection of small merchantable trees, produces strips, where partial cutting is applied, alternating with corridors, which are disturbed by heavy equipment during harvesting. This project studied stocking levels five years after treatment on 4896 sub-plots of 4 m2 in 22 blocks. Stocking coefficients (SC) for coniferous and deciduous species were modeled in order to identify variables affecting stocking. The strips had well-distributed coniferous regeneration, while SC in the corridors were more variable and lower, occasionally less than 60%. Black spruce-dominated sites were not as well stocked as balsam fir-dominated sites. Stocking levels of protected coniferous merchantable trees positively influence coniferous and deciduous SC in the corridors. The presence of coniferous species is also affected by harvest season and total annual rainfall. Alternative silvicultural treatments applicable in certain corridors are presented.

Tree biomass equations for Abiesbalsamea and Piceaglauca in northwestern New Brunswick

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Ker ◽  
G. D. Van Raalte
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Total Tree

Equations are given, based on data from 298 balsam fir and 88 white spruce trees in northwestern New Brunswick, for predicting ovendry weight of biomass for balsam fir and white spruce trees. Separate equations are given for each of nine components: stem wood, stem bark, total stem, branches, foliage, total crown, total aboveground weight, roots, and total tree. Independent variables used in the equations include diameter at breast height (dbh), height, crown width, crown length, and indices of basal area, crown area, and crown volume.

Effets de l'élagage sur la résistance électrique cambiale de la tige de jeunes Sapins baumiers

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1655-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Gagnon ◽  
Michel Chabot ◽  
Marius Pineau
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Physiological Significance ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Advanced Regeneration ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Tree Stem

In the spring of 1985, 125 young balsam fir trees (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) originating from advanced regeneration following a clear-cut in 1970 were pruned to live crown ratios of 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.0 as compared with control trees which had naturally developped a live crown ratio of 0.8. Subsequently, the cambial electrical resistance of these trees was measured at breast height 17 times between June and October. Ten days after pruning, there was a decrease in cambial electrical resistance. Relating these results to factors influencing the movement of water through the tree leads to a better understanding of the physiological significance of tree stem cambial electrical resistance.

Factors Influencing Oviposition, and the Effect of Temperature on Development and Survival of Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) Eggs

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Berryman
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Enoclerus Lecontei

AbstractThe factors influencing oviposition and feeding of Enoclerus lecontei, and the effect of temperature on egg development and survival, were studied in the laboratory.When food was not a limiting factor, the total number of eggs laid, and the total number of bark beetles consumed by clerid pairs during their lives was strongly influenced by longevity of the female and to a lesser extent by female “vigor”. Female “vigor” and longevity were not necessarily coincident. The rate of oviposition and the rate of food consumption are mainly influenced by the “vigor” of the female clerid.The effect of suboptimal food on oviposition was determined. Regression equations are given for estimating the number of eggs laid utilizing three measures of food supply, number of bark beetles supplied, their weight, and number eaten. The independent variables may be used separately or combined as a multiple regression.Time for egg development varied from 5 days at 35 °C. to 28 days at 15 °C. Optimal conditions for development and survival were between 20° and 25 °C. Eggs can withstand cold storage (7° to 9 °C.) for 10 days before survival is impaired. Thereafter, mortality increases logarithmically until the 100 percentile is reached at about 43 days.

Dry matter production in 40-year-old Pinusbanksiana stands in Quebec

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene Doucet ◽  
John V. Berglund ◽  
C. Eugene Farnsworth
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Stand Density Index

Dry matter production data were obtained for jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stands growing at three density levels on two sites. Regression equations relating tree weight to diameter and height were calculated for stem wood, stem bark, branches, needles, cones, and total aboveground biomass, as well as for periodic net annual increment of these components. Different sets of equations were needed to evaluate biomass on each site, but density levels within sites could be grouped. Total net periodic annual weight increment was linearly related to foliage weight and basal area, but a levelling-off at higher densities was evident when basal area was replaced by stand density index or bole area equivalent as the measure of density.

Black spruce crown fuel weights in northern Ontario

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Stocks
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
North Central ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Live Fuels ◽  
Crown Biomass ◽  
Fuel Particles ◽  
Fuel Components

Eighty black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) trees from four pulpwood stands in north central Ontario were sampled to determine crown fuel weights. Crown fuel components, both living and dead, were separated into size classes precise enough for use in forest fire behavior research. Regression equations expressing various crown fuel components as a function of tree diameters at breast height (DBH) were derived, and the resulting.R2 values were between 0.75 and 0.84.Total crown biomass figures are presented herein for the four stands sampled. Approximately 80% of the total crown weight per hectare is made up of fuel particles ≤0.64 cm in diameter (including needle foliage). Live fuels make up approximately 74% of total crown weight per hectare.

An investigation of product form

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 768-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Roebbelen ◽  
V. G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Product Form ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Diameter Outside Bark

Product form (P) of a tree has been defined as the product of diameter-outside-bark at midheight above breast height (d) and total height (H) (P = d × H). It is used along with diameter breast height (D) in product form volume equations (VPF = f(P,D)) for estimating individual tree volumes. It is hypothesized that for each coniferous species, there exists some optimal height at which a diameter measurement can be taken and used in a product form term to estimate the inside-bark volume with minimum error. Regression equations and simpler expressions of the form V = D2 × H × F were developed for red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) using six upper diameter locations. The optimal location of the upper diameter was found to be 50% of the total height for red pine and white pine and 47% of total height for jack pine and black spruce. Product form is redefined as P = d* × H where d* = diameter-outside-bark at that average relative height on the tree where d* = (2 × V)/(D × H) as determined from a small sample of scaled trees, for each species and H = total height of tree.

A time to ignition–temperature–moisture relationship for branches of three western conifers

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavriil Xanthopoulos ◽  
Ronald H. Wakimoto
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Measuring Time ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Air Convection ◽  
Time To Ignition

The effect of convection column air temperature and live needle moisture content on ignitability of tree branches was verified and quantified by exposing branches of three conifer species to a hot-air convection column, at temperatures between 400 and 640 °C, and measuring time to ignition. The three species were ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.). The experiment was repeated monthly over the course of a year, taking advantage of the natural fluctuation of live needle moisture content. Three multiple regression equations for the prediction of time to ignition with air temperature and needle moisture as the independent variables were developed.

Influence of temperature and moisture content on bark/wood shear strength of black spruce and balsam fir logs

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Ugulino ◽  
Claudia B. Cáceres ◽  
Roger E. Hernández ◽  
Carl Blais
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Influence Of Temperature
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