Effect of Thinning on the Production of High-quality Wood in a Quebec Northern Hardwood Stand

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Roberge
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Stem Quality ◽  
Fire Origin

In 1963, two intensities of thinning were carried out in a 60-year-old northern hardwood stand of fire origin. Yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.) made up as much as 40% of the total number of trees 9 cm d.b.h. and up. By 1973, both sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch had responded to thinning, the former more than the latter. The percentages of yellow birch trees had not changed regardless of treatment. There were between 120 and 129 trees/ha of the 25–39 cm diameter class in the unthinned as well as in the thinned areas. Basal area of the trees 9 cm d.b.h. and up had increased by 5.4, 7.6, and 8.1 m2/ha in the unthinned, 20% thinned, and 40% thinned area, respectively. A decrease in stem quality was not observed, even at the 40% thinning intensity. Both thinning intensities were thus successful except that they somewhat favored sugar maple at the expense of yellow birch.

Relations entre la densité de peuplement et la qualité du bouleau jaune

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fortin ◽  
M. R. Roberge ◽  
P. E. Vézina
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Wound Closure ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Stem Quality

A sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) – yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britton)–beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.) stand has been treated in 1963 by two thinning intensities. Yellow birch stems of the sample plots established before cutting have been studied in 1972. The various characteristics determining stem quality were considered in factorial analysis. Branch number did not affect stem quality to any degree; curve and diseases of the stem contributed equally to its qualitative depreciation. Thinning intensity did not substantially affect branch number and curve of the stem. Competition removal in a radius up to 6 m around yellow birch did not cause stem diseases. On the contrary, the growth increase inherent in the thinning has helped wound closure and has checked disease entry.

Accroissement d'une érablière à la suite de coupes d'éclaircie: résultats de 20 ans

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pothier
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Significant Difference

Two intensities of thinning were executed in a 50-year-old sugar maple stand of the Station forestière de Duchesnay (46°57′N, 71°39′W). Initial basal area was reduced by 22 and 35% in moderate and heavy thinned plots, respectively. Twenty years after treatment, basal area of thinned plots approached that of controls and their basal area in sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) was larger than that of controls. Diameter growth of sugar maples was proportional to the intensity of thinning and a significant difference was detected between thinned and unthinned plots. Net increment of the 70 sampled plots was proportional to the intensity of thinning but mortality was inversely related to the thinning level. Ingrowth was also proportional to the intensity of thinning but its impact on net increment was relatively low. Ten years following treatment, the number of saplings of yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.) increased with increasing thinning intensity. However, the number of sugar maple saplings remains stable among treatments for all measurement periods. Diameter growth was not affected in sugar maples with annual tapping in comparison to sugar maples with no tapping during the whole study period.

scholarly journals Birch and conifer deadwood favour early establishment and shade tolerance in yellow birch juveniles growing in sugar maple dominated stands

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Bastien Lambert ◽  
Aitor Ameztegui ◽  
Sylvain Delagrange ◽  
Christian Messier
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Reduced Height

Small-seeded tree species such as yellow birch (YB, Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) require deadwood or mineral soil for their establishment. Although much research has been done comparing YB germination on leaf litter vs. exposed mineral soil, less is known about deadwood as a seedbed and how different seedbeds affect YB early growth along light availability and size gradients. We examine how three common seedbeds (deadwood, moss cover on deadwood, and mineral soil) affected establishment and growth, biomass partitioning, and morphological traits of YB juveniles growing in the understory of temperate mixed deciduous and coniferous forests in southern Quebec. A total of 274 YB were sampled in four sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) dominated northern hardwood stands where selective cuts had been applied 6 and 15 years prior to sampling. Over 75% of the YB found on deadwood were on material of birch and conifer origin, although these species made less than 40% of the basal area. YB juveniles growing on deadwood showed traits that improve survival in shade such as reduced height growth for tall plants, higher efficiency in resource capture, and multilayered crowns. Our results demonstrate the importance of deadwood of birch and conifer origin in maintaining an abundant, natural, spatially well-distributed, and multistoried regeneration of YB.

Exploring the Recruitment Dynamics of Sugar Maple and Yellow Birch Saplings into Merchantable Stems Following Harvesting in the Acadian Forest Region of New Brunswick, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Noel ◽  
Jules Comeau ◽  
Salah-Eddine El Adlouni ◽  
Gaetan Pelletier ◽  
Marie-Andrée Giroux
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Probability Of Occurrence ◽  
Silvicultural Treatment ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acadian Forest

The recruitment of saplings in forest stands into merchantable stems is a very complex process, thus making it challenging to understand and predict. The recruitment dynamics in the Acadian Forest Region of New Brunswick are not well known or documented. Our objective was to draw an inference from existing large scale routine forest inventories as to the different dynamics behind the recruitment from the sapling layer into the commercial tree size layer in terms of density and occurrence of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) following harvesting, by looking at many factors on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales using models. Results suggest that the variation in density and probability of occurrence is best explained by the intensity of silvicultural treatment, by the merchantable stem density in each plot, and by the proportion of merchantable basal area of each group of species. The number of recruits of sugar maple and yellow birch stems tend be higher when time since last treatment increases, when mid to low levels of silvicultural treatment intensity were implemented, and within plots having intermediate levels of merchantable stem density. Lastly, our modeling efforts suggest that the probability of occurrence and density of recruitment of both species tend to increase while its share of merchantable basal area increases.

SUGAR PRODUCTION BY WHITE AND YELLOW BIRCHES

1944 ◽  
Vol 22c (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Invert Sugar ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Corn Syrup ◽  
Birch Trees

White and yellow birch trees produced an abundance of sap, but the yield of sugar was on the average only about one-third that of the sugar maple. Results indicate that yellow birch sap contains invert sugar with small amounts of sucrose, and that white birch sap contains a mixture of fructose and invert sugar. Syrups prepared from white and yellow birch saps by concentrating 100 times were similar in taste and appearance to commercial corn syrup.

Long-term impact of liming on growth and vigor of northern hardwoods

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1295-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Long ◽  
Stephen B. Horsley ◽  
Thomas J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Crown Health ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Species Specific

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) is a keystone species in the northern hardwood forest, and decline episodes have negatively affected the growth and health of sugar maple in portions of its range over the past 50+ years. Crown health, growth, survival, and flower and seed production of sugar maple were negatively affected by a widespread decline event in the mid-1980s on the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau in northern Pennsylvania. A long-term liming study was initiated in 1985 to evaluate responses to a one-time application of 22.4 Mg·ha–1 of dolomitic limestone in four northern hardwood stands. Over the 23-year period ending in 2008, sugar maple basal area increment (BAINC) increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in limed plots from 1995 through 2008, whereas American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) BAINC was unaffected. For black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), the third principal overstory species, BAINC and survival were reduced in limed plots compared with unlimed plots. Foliar Ca and Mg remained significantly higher in sugar maple foliage sampled 21 years after lime application, showing persistence of the lime effect. These results show long-term species-specific responses to lime application.

Succession des micro-organismes à la suite de blessures artificielles au tronc chez le bouleau jaune (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.) et l'érable à sucre (Acersaccharum Marsh.)

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Lavallée ◽  
Alain Bard
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
General Decay ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Linear Extent ◽  
Birch Trees

Xylem of sugar maple and yellow birch trees were exposed to natural infection by making axe blazes to simulate mechanical injuries. After 8, 21, and 34 months, dissection and isolations made from the discolored wood permitted the localization of certain microorganisms in three arbitrarily determined zones. Longitudinal and radial development of discoloration associated with wounds was more rapid in yellow birch than in sugar maple. There was evidence of a succession of organisms in the colonization of the wounds which was subsequent to the first discoloration process and involved different organisms in the two hosts. In general, decay fungi did not appear until after 21 months. Cytosporadecipiens occurred exclusively in discolored wood of sugar maple while Phialophora spp. and Cephalosporium sp. dominated the discolored wood of yellow birch. Bacteria were more frequent in yellow birch than in sugar maple. Relationships between size of injuries, linear extent of the discoloration produced, and identity of the various organisms involved are also presented.

scholarly journals Improving the Composition of Beech-Dominated Northern Hardwood Understories in Northern Maine

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Nelson ◽  
Robert G. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optimal Treatment ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Understory Composition ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
Selection Harvesting

Abstract The natural regeneration that develops following the shelterwood and selection harvesting of northern hardwood stands across the Northeast is often plagued by an overabundance of American beech infected with beech bark disease. This regenerating beech typically dominates and interferes with the regeneration of more desired hardwood species (sugar maple, yellow birch, and red maple), lowering the productivity and value of future stands. We tested factorial combinations of glyphosate herbicide (Accord Concentrate) rate and surfactant (Entrée 5735) concentration to identify an optimal treatment that would maximize beech control while minimizing sugar maple injury. Third-year posttreatment results revealed that glyphosate rate was a more important factor than surfactant concentration in reducing beech abundance and preserving sugar maple. The optimal treatment (0.56‐1.12 kg/ha of glyphosate plus 0.25‐0.5% surfactant) selectively removed 60‐80% of beech stems, whereas sugar maple control was less than 20%. The five dominant hardwood species differed substantially in their susceptibility to the treatments in the following decreasing order: beech > striped maple > yellow birch > red maple > sugar maple. Similar results produced using a backpack mistblower suggested transferability of treatment effects to operational applications using a tractor-mounted mistblower. Our findings indicate that this relatively low-cost and effective treatment can substantially improve the understory composition of northern hardwood stands.

scholarly journals Frost Crack Incidence in Northern Hardwood Forests of the Southern Boreal–North Temperate Transition Zone

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia I. Burton ◽  
Eric K. Zenner ◽  
Lee E. Frelich
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Small Diameter Trees

Abstract Frost cracks are common in northern hardwood stands near their northern range limits. Although they have long been attributed to the regional climate, temperature fluctuations result in surface cracks largely when internal wounds are present. We examined the relationship between the proportion of trees with frost cracks and both tree-level diameter class and stand structural characteristics in primary stands with a history of minimal logging (n = 4) and 67- to 97-year-old second-growth stands subjected to past heavy partial cuts and high grading (n = 8). We hypothesized that frost crack incidence would (1) be greater in the second-growth stands and (2) be associated with differences in structural attributes between the two stand types. High levels of frost cracking in primary stands indicated that cracks are not completely avoidable. However, the proportion of trees with frost cracks was significantly higher in second-growth than primary stands, particularly on small-diameter trees. For example, the odds for frost cracking were 1.66–3.74 times greater in second-growth than in primary stands in the 15-cm diameter class, but were not different in the 45+-cm diameter class. Frost cracking was positively associated with increasing diameter in both stand types. Structural characteristics reflecting tree size, stand basal area, and basal area of hardwoods were positively associated with the proportion of trees with frost cracks in second-growth stands but not in primary stands. Although the basal area of conifers was negatively associated with frost cracking, the effect was likely due to a reduction in hardwood basal area in the vicinity of conifers. We suggest that greater frost crack incidence in second-growth stands is likely a consequence of injuries to residual trees during selective logging.

Relations entre la microtopographie, les caractéristiques de la couverture morte et la répartition des essences dans une érablière à Bouleau jaune

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1196-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Ruel ◽  
Denis Loustau ◽  
Marius Pineau
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Rapid Decomposition ◽  
Litter Accumulation ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Organic Matter Dynamics

Some effects of microtopography on forest floor, organic matter dynamics, and tree species distribution were studied in a northern hardwood stand near Québec. Forest floor thickness was 12.4 cm in pits while it was only 7.6 cm on mounds. These variations in thickness were attributed to a smaller litter accumulation (186 vs. 318 g m−2 year−1 in pits) and a more rapid decomposition on mounds (weight losses of wooden probes, 17.3 vs. 13.7% in pits). Over 43% of yellow birch stems (Betulaalleghaniensis Britton) were found on mounds in comparison with 20% for beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.). Sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) distribution was intermediate between those species. Thus, mounds seem more suitable for yellow birch installation, either because of their characteristics after their formation or because of the thinner forest floor formed on these microsites.

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