Relations entre la microtopographie, les caractéristiques de la couverture morte et la répartition des essences dans une érablière à Bouleau jaune

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1196-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Ruel ◽  
Denis Loustau ◽  
Marius Pineau
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Rapid Decomposition ◽  
Litter Accumulation ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Organic Matter Dynamics

Some effects of microtopography on forest floor, organic matter dynamics, and tree species distribution were studied in a northern hardwood stand near Québec. Forest floor thickness was 12.4 cm in pits while it was only 7.6 cm on mounds. These variations in thickness were attributed to a smaller litter accumulation (186 vs. 318 g m−2 year−1 in pits) and a more rapid decomposition on mounds (weight losses of wooden probes, 17.3 vs. 13.7% in pits). Over 43% of yellow birch stems (Betulaalleghaniensis Britton) were found on mounds in comparison with 20% for beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.). Sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) distribution was intermediate between those species. Thus, mounds seem more suitable for yellow birch installation, either because of their characteristics after their formation or because of the thinner forest floor formed on these microsites.

scholarly journals Decaying Logs as Germination Sites in Northern Hardwood Forests

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory G. McGee ◽  
John P. Birmingham
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Soil Scarification

Abstract While several authors have noted tree regeneration on decaying logs, the role that "nurse logs" play in maintaining tree diversity in eastern North American forests has remained unquantified. We sampled small seedling (≤ 5 cm high) densities of seven tree species on and directly adjacent to logs in two northern hardwood stands in the Adirondack mountains of New York. Polar ordination of 42 microsite plots revealed distinctly different small seedling communities on logs vs. forest floor. Yellow birch and red spruce densities were 24 times and 5 times greater on logs than forest floor, while those of sugar maple and striped maple were 8 times and 4 times greater on the forest floor. Maintaining a natural level (~5% ground cover) of well distributed logs can supplement site preparation techniques such as soil scarification to provide regeneration sites for yellow birch and red spruce, particularly in heavily stocked northern hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):178-182.

scholarly journals Improving the Composition of Beech-Dominated Northern Hardwood Understories in Northern Maine

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Nelson ◽  
Robert G. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optimal Treatment ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Understory Composition ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
Selection Harvesting

Abstract The natural regeneration that develops following the shelterwood and selection harvesting of northern hardwood stands across the Northeast is often plagued by an overabundance of American beech infected with beech bark disease. This regenerating beech typically dominates and interferes with the regeneration of more desired hardwood species (sugar maple, yellow birch, and red maple), lowering the productivity and value of future stands. We tested factorial combinations of glyphosate herbicide (Accord Concentrate) rate and surfactant (Entrée 5735) concentration to identify an optimal treatment that would maximize beech control while minimizing sugar maple injury. Third-year posttreatment results revealed that glyphosate rate was a more important factor than surfactant concentration in reducing beech abundance and preserving sugar maple. The optimal treatment (0.56‐1.12 kg/ha of glyphosate plus 0.25‐0.5% surfactant) selectively removed 60‐80% of beech stems, whereas sugar maple control was less than 20%. The five dominant hardwood species differed substantially in their susceptibility to the treatments in the following decreasing order: beech > striped maple > yellow birch > red maple > sugar maple. Similar results produced using a backpack mistblower suggested transferability of treatment effects to operational applications using a tractor-mounted mistblower. Our findings indicate that this relatively low-cost and effective treatment can substantially improve the understory composition of northern hardwood stands.

scholarly journals Height Development of Upper-Canopy Trees Within Even-Aged Adirondack Northern Hardwood Stands

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Nyland ◽  
David G. Ray ◽  
Ruth D. Yanai
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Canopy Trees

Abstract Knowledge of the relative rates of height growth among species is necessary for predicting developmental patterns in even-aged northern hardwood stands. To quantify these relationships, we used stem analysis to reconstruct early height growth patterns of dominant and codominant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and America beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) trees. We used three stands (aged 19, 24, and 29 years) established by shelterwood method cutting preceded by an understory herbicide treatment. We analyzed 10 trees of each species per stand. Height growth was similar across stands, allowing us to develop a single equation for each species. Our data show that yellow birch had the most rapid height growth up to approximately age 10. Both sugar maple and white ash grew more rapidly than yellow birch beyond that point. Beech consistently grew the slowest. White ash had a linear rate of height growth over the 29-year period, while the other species declined in their growth rates. By age 29, the heights of main canopy trees ranged from 38 ft for beech to 51 ft for white ash. Both yellow birch and sugar maple averaged 46 ft tall at that time. By age 29, the base of the live crown had reached 17, 20, 21, and 26 ft for beech, sugar maple, yellow birch, and white ash, respectively. Live–crown ratios of upper-canopy trees did not differ appreciably among species and remained at approximately 40% for the ages evaluated. These results suggest that eliminating advance regeneration changes the outcome of competition to favor species other than beech. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):117–122.

Calcium and magnesium in wood of northern hardwood forest species: relations to site characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Arthur ◽  
T G Siccama ◽  
R D Yanai
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood

Improving estimates of the nutrient content of boles in forest ecosystems requires more information on how the chemistry of wood varies with characteristics of the tree and site. We examined Ca and Mg concentrations in wood at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Species examined were the dominant tree species of the northern hardwood forest and the spruce-fir forest. The concentrations of Ca and Mg, respectively, in lightwood of these species, mass weighted by elevation, were 661 and 145 µg/g for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), 664 and 140 µg/g for American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), 515 and 93 µg/g for yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), 525 and 70 µg/g for red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), 555 and 118 µg/g for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and 393 and 101 µg/g for white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.). There were significant patterns in Ca and Mg concentrations with wood age. The size of the tree was not an important source of variation. Beech showed significantly greater concentrations of both Ca (30%) and Mg (33%) in trees growing in moist sites relative to drier sites; sugar maple and yellow birch were less sensitive to mesotopography. In addition to species differences in lightwood chemistry, Ca and Mg concentrations in wood decreased with increasing elevation, coinciding with a pattern of decreasing Ca and Mg in the forest floor. Differences in Ca and Mg concentration in lightwood accounted for by elevation ranged from 12 to 23% for Ca and 16 to 30% for Mg for the three northern hardwood species. At the ecosystem scale, the magnitude of the elevational effect on lightwood chemistry, weighted by species, amounts to 18% of lightwood Ca in the watershed and 24% of lightwood Mg but only 2% of aboveground biomass Ca and 7% of aboveground Mg.

Seed Storage and Germination Under Northern Hardwood Forests

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Marquis
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Sowing Seed ◽  
And Storage

The species, quantities, and germination of tree seed stored in the forest floor beneath five northern hardwood stands in Pennsylvania were determined by counting seed found in blocks of forest floor material and running germination tests on them, by burying seed in soil organic layers and observing germination and storage, and by sowing seed on natural seedbeds and observing germination over several years. Quantities of seed in excess of 1 million per acre (2.5 million per hectare) were found to be common, the number of seed of a particular species depending on the number of seed-bearing trees of that species in the overstory and on the length of time seed of that species will remain viable in the forest floor. Sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and American beech normally germinate the year after seed dispersal and do not remain viable in the forest floor. Black cherry, white ash, yellow poplar, red maple, and birch normally germinate over a period of several years after dispersal; and storage in the forest floor for 2 to 5 years is common. Pin cherry seed remain viable in the forest floor for long periods, and large quantities of seed may still be present 30 years or more after pin cherry trees have died out of the overstory.

Regeneration of Northern Hardwoods in the Northeast with the Shelterwood Method

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Northern Hardwoods ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Soil Scarification ◽  
Preferred Species

Abstract Study plots (1/4 ac) were located in four northern hardwood stands in Vermont, and shelterwood canopy covers of 40, 60, 80, and 100%, and a control (no cutting) were established. Regeneration on small plots within the treated areas was sampled over a 3-year period and the composition of saplings determined after 6 years. While there were substantial increases in amount of regeneration under most canopy covers, there was no significant differences due to treatment. Some important trends, however, were evident. Sugar maple showed some increase in seedling density under most canopy densities with up to 68,000 new sugar maple seedlings per acre under 60% canopy cover. Yellow birch did best under 40 to 80% canopy cover and with good soil scarification. White ash increased under most densities but was best at about 80% canopy cover. Competitors, beech, striped maple, and hobblebush, increased under most densities. At about 60% canopy cover and less, raspberries and blackberries, pin cherry, and other shade-intolerant species increase in abundance. Among regeneration less than 3 ft all after 3 years, preferred species outnumbered less preferred species by 5 to 1. Among regeneration over 3 ft tall when examined 6 years after treatment, the less preferred species, on average, outnumber preferred species by 2 to 1 (sugar maple 0-3430/ac, yellow birch 0-1920/ac, beech 200-2220/ac and striped maple 0-3130/ac). Most beech regeneration seemed to arise as root suckers. Small striped maple grew rapidly and assumed dominance among the regeneration when released. Northern hardwoods have diverse composition in the overstory, and much of the regeneration tallied after 3 years was already in place when the shelterwood cuts were made. Advanced regeneration as well as new regeneration is the key to success, or failure, if it is predominantly undesirable species. In implementing a shelterwood in northern hardwoods, 60 to 80% canopy cover seems good for most species. All trees below the main canopy should be cut to create a high canopy shade. Undesirable species should be controlled by cutting or possibly herbicides before or when the stand is cut, with additional treatment as necessary to maintain desired composition. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):99-104.

Regeneration after Strip Cutting and Block Clearcutting in Northern Hardwoods

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wayne Martin ◽  
James W. Hornbeck
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Common Tree

Abstract Regeneration was studied during the first 10 years after clearcutting on two sites in the northern hardwood forest of New Hampshire. One site was a 12-ha block clearcut; the other was a 36-ha progressive strip cut harvested in three phases using 25-m wide strips which approximated one tree height. Permanent plots on each site were measured at intervals of 1 to 4 years. Changes in the density and biomass of the major commercial species and their primary noncommercial competitors are presented. At 10 years after clearcutting, yellow birch was the most common tree on the block clearcut; sugar maple was most numerous on the strip cut. Pin cherry dominated the biomass on the block clearcut and the strips first cut (1970), but yellow birch and sugar maple biomass was greater on the strips cut later (1972 and 1974). North. J. Appl. For. 7:65-68, June 1990.

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