Genetic variation in direct and indirect measures of wood stiffness in coastal Douglas-fir

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 2476-2486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn L. Cherry ◽  
Vikas Vikram ◽  
David Briggs ◽  
Daniel W. Cress ◽  
Glenn T. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Green Wood ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Wood Stiffness ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Relative Gains

We studied wood stiffness (estimated by modulus of elasticity, MOE), wood density, wood moisture content, and growth in a progeny test (50–130 families per trait; 1–3 sites) of coastal Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). We measured MOE directly using lumber bending tests (MOEbl) and indirectly using tools (HM200 and ST300) that can be used to measure acoustic velocity in logs (VelHM) or standing trees (VelST). Acoustic MOEs in logs and standing trees (MOEHM and MOEST) were obtained from the velocities and green wood density. For backward selection, we estimated genetic gains in MOEbl of 8.6%–12.3%. Relative efficiencies (REs), the relative gains in MOEbl expected from indirect selection for correlated traits, were 78%–93% for the HM200 traits, 57%–58% for the ST300 traits, 38% for the basic wood density of basal discs (Denbd), and 98% for the oven-dry density of logs estimated from the lumber (Denol). The HM200 is an efficient tool for improving MOEbl, but gains will be lower using the ST300 on standing trees. Indirect selection on Denbd should be used with caution because the RE was low and Denbd was negatively correlated with growth (–0.49 to –0.73).

scholarly journals Non-Destructive Assessment of Wood Stiffness in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and its Use in Forest Tree Improvement

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Fundova ◽  
Tomas Funda ◽  
Harry X. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Wood Stiffness ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Genetic And Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Using Data

Wood stiffness is an important wood mechanical property that predetermines the suitability of sawn timber for construction purposes. Negative genetic correlations between wood stiffness and growth traits have, however, been reported for many conifer species including Scots pine. It is, therefore, important that breeding programs consider wood stiffness and growth traits simultaneously. The study aims to (1) evaluate different approaches of calculating the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE, non-destructively assessed stiffness) using data from X-ray analysis (SilviScan) as a benchmark, (2) estimate genetic parameters, and (3) apply index selection. In total, we non-destructively measured 622 standing trees from 175 full-sib families for acoustic velocity (VEL) using Hitman and for wood density (DEN) using Resistograph and Pilodyn. We combined VEL with different wood densities, raw (DENRES) and adjusted (DENRES.TB) Resistograph density, Pilodyn density measured with (DENPIL) and without bark (DENPIL.B), constant of 1000 kg·m−3 (DENCONST), and SilviScan density (DENSILV), to calculate MOEs and compare them with the benchmark SilviScan MOE (MOESILV). We also derived Smith–Hazel indices for simultaneous improvement of stem diameter (DBH) and wood stiffness. The highest additive genetic and phenotypic correlations of the benchmark MOESILV with the alternative MOE measures (tested) were attained by MOEDENSILV (0.95 and 0.75, respectively) and were closely followed by MOEDENRES.TB (0.91 and 0.70, respectively) and MOEDENCONST and VEL (0.91 and 0.65, respectively for both). Correlations with MOEDENPIL, MOEDENPIL.B, and MOEDENRES were lower. Narrow-sense heritabilities were moderate, ranging from 0.39 (MOESILV) to 0.46 (MOEDENSILV). All indices revealed an opportunity for joint improvement of DBH and MOE. Conclusions: MOEDENRES.TB appears to be the most efficient approach for indirect selection for wood stiffness in Scots pine, although VEL alone and MOEDENCONST have provided very good results too. An index combining DBH and MOEDENRES.TB seems to offer the best compromise for simultaneous improvement of growth, fiber, and wood quality traits.

Predicting the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of Sitka spruce from cellulose orientation and abundance

Holzforschung ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Paul McLean ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
John R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Wood Stiffness ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Longitudinal Modulus

Abstract Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is the most widely planted commercial tree species in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Because of the increasing use of this species for construction, the ability to predict wood stiffness is becoming more important. In this paper, a number of models are developed using data on cellulose abundance and orientation obtained from the SilviScan-3 system to predict the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (MOE) of small defect-free specimens. Longitudinal MOE was obtained from both bending tests and a sonic resonance technique. Overall, stronger relationships were found between the various measures of cellulose abundance and orientation and the dynamic MOE obtained from the sonic resonance measurements, rather than with the static MOE obtained from bending tests. There was only a moderate relationship between wood bulk density and dynamic MOE (R2=0.423), but this relationship was improved when density was divided by microfibril angle (R2=0.760). The best model for predicting both static and dynamic MOE involved the product of bulk density and the coefficient of variation in the azimuthal intensity profile (R2=0.725 and 0.862, respectively). The model parameters obtained for Sitka spruce differed from those obtained in earlier studies on Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus delegatensis, indicating that the model might require recalibration before it can be applied to different species.

Comparison of decomposition models using wood density of Douglas-fir logs

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1092-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Means ◽  
Kermit Cromack Jr ◽  
Paul C. MacMillan
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Decay Class ◽  
Decomposition Models ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Single Exponential

Logs of Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco that had been on the ground for up to 313 years were grouped into five decay classes that ranged from 1, essentially undecayed, to 5, soft and incorporated into the forest floor but still identifiable. The mean residence times on the forest floor were 7, 17, 33, 82, and 219 years for decay classes 1 through 5, respectively. The single-exponential model of litter decomposition was fitted to the density of these logs. The summation-exponential model was constructed by summing single-exponential models fitted to lignin, cellulose, and the acid detergent soluble fraction. Both models gave virtually identical, statistically significant fits to the data. Wood density of these Douglas-fir logs decreased more slowly than that of most species other researchers have studied. The single-exponential model gave mineralization rates (k) of 0.0063 and 0.0070 year−1 when residence time and decay class age (mean residence time of the decay class), respectively, were used as the independent variable. Lignin decayed more slowly than cellulose or the fraction soluble in hot acid detergent, both of which decayed at rates that were not significantly different; thus, the summation-exponential model is recommended when these constituents are of interest.

scholarly journals Effects of live crown on vertical patterns of wood density and growth in Douglas-fir

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara L Gartner ◽  
Eric M North ◽  
G R Johnson ◽  
Ryan Singleton
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
Wide Range

It would be valuable economically to know what are the biological triggers for formation of mature wood (currently of high value) and (or) what maintains production of juvenile wood (currently of low value), to develop silvicultural regimes that control the relative production of the two types of wood. Foresters commonly assume the bole of softwoods produces juvenile wood within the crown and mature wood below. We tested that assumption by comparing growth ring areas and widths and wood density components of the outer three growth rings in disks sampled from different vertical positions of 34-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees. The 18 trees were sampled from one site and had a wide range of heights to live crown. Most of the variance (63–93%) in wood characteristics (growth ring area: total, earlywood, latewood; growth ring width: total, earlywood, latewood; latewood proportion: by area, width; and ring density: total, earlywood, latewood) was due to within-tree differences (related to age of the disk). Stepwise regression analysis gave us equations to estimate wood characteristics, after which we analyzed the residuals with a linear model that included whether a disk was within or below the crown (defined as the lowest node on the stem with less than three live branches). After adjusting for tree and disk position, only 2–10% of the residual variation was associated with whether the disk was in or out of the live crown. There were no statistically significant differences at p = 0.05 between a given disk (by node number) in versus out of the crown for any of the factors studied. Moreover, the wood density characteristics were not statistically significant at p = 0.30. This research suggests that there was no effect of the crown position on the transition from juvenile to mature wood as judged by wood density. Therefore, we found no evidence to support the concept that tree spacing and live-branch pruning have a significant effect on the cambial age of transition from juvenile to mature wood in Douglas-fir trees of this age.

A field test of the accuracy of the Barr and Stroud Type FP-12 optical dendrometer

1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Bell ◽  
William A. Groman
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Extended Time ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
First Time

Trees in a 55-year-old stand of Douglas-fir were measured with a Barr and Stroud Type FP-12 dendrometer while standing, then measured with tape and caliper after they were felled. The chi-square test of accuracy for diameters, whether determined according to size, elevation, or distance, fell within a range from ±0.222 to ±0.298 inch, and percentage accuracies varied from ±2.12 to ±3.25. The chi-square test of accuracy for stem lengths decreased from ±0.272 foot (±0.991 percent) at an average elevation of 23.30 feet for an 11.40-foot segment to ±0.782 foot (3.96 percent) for a 14.22-foot average segment at an average elevation of 62.91 feet.This study indicates that upper-stem diameters and segment lengths determined by the Barr and Stroud optical dendrometer are highly accurate under field conditions. Thus, the optical dendrometer provides the forester with a means of eliminating tree-volume tables. Results suggest that, for the first time, volume growth of the upper stem can be accurately determined on standing trees by making repeated measurements over an extended time.

Sapwood taper models and implied sapwood volume and foliage profiles for coastal Douglas-fir

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 849-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Maguire ◽  
João L.F. Batista
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Growth Analyses ◽  
Taper Models

Sapwood dimensions lend insight into the functional and ecophysiological structure of trees and can therefore be profitably applied in various types of growth analyses and simulation models. Ten taper models were fitted to sapwood data from the stems of 134 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees and were compared by various fit statistics, residual behavior, and validation performance on 21 additional trees. The recommended model was a variable exponent model with six parameters and three basic tree-level predictors: diameter, height, and height to crown base. The resulting equation can be applied for estimating sapwood area at crown base, leaf area, sapwood volume, and vertical foliage distribution on standing trees. Ten sample plots are examined to demonstrate that sapwood taper models allow more explicit portrayal of stand structure in dimensions that have a direct functional link to various growth and developmental processes.

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