A field test of the accuracy of the Barr and Stroud Type FP-12 optical dendrometer

1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Bell ◽  
William A. Groman
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Extended Time ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
First Time

Trees in a 55-year-old stand of Douglas-fir were measured with a Barr and Stroud Type FP-12 dendrometer while standing, then measured with tape and caliper after they were felled. The chi-square test of accuracy for diameters, whether determined according to size, elevation, or distance, fell within a range from ±0.222 to ±0.298 inch, and percentage accuracies varied from ±2.12 to ±3.25. The chi-square test of accuracy for stem lengths decreased from ±0.272 foot (±0.991 percent) at an average elevation of 23.30 feet for an 11.40-foot segment to ±0.782 foot (3.96 percent) for a 14.22-foot average segment at an average elevation of 62.91 feet.This study indicates that upper-stem diameters and segment lengths determined by the Barr and Stroud optical dendrometer are highly accurate under field conditions. Thus, the optical dendrometer provides the forester with a means of eliminating tree-volume tables. Results suggest that, for the first time, volume growth of the upper stem can be accurately determined on standing trees by making repeated measurements over an extended time.

Emergency Utilization and Trends in a Community Dental Clinic in Northern Manhattan: A Retrospective Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-141
Author(s):  
Evan Cyrkin ◽  
Aaron Myers ◽  
Jaffer Shariff ◽  
Richard Yoon
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Dental Clinic ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Dental Records ◽  
First Time

Purpose: To evaluate utilization and trends associated with patients who presented with emergencies at a community dental clinic at Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY. Study design: Data from deidentified dental records of patients aged 0–12 years old who presented as emergencies for oral and dental reasons for 2012, 2013, and 2014 were collected. Variables analyzed included demographic information, oral diagnosis, and current health status. Frequency distributions analysis, chi-square test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were performed using Stata 13.0. Results: There were 4,328 dental and oral-related emergencies with a mean age of 6-years-old. Approximately 50% were females, 71% were Hispanic, and 90% had Medicaid managed care. Most emergencies (49%) were caries-related, 41% were considered atraumatic in nature, and approximately 10% were traumatic. About 10% of patients presented with comorbidities and 37% were either first-time patients or patients that presented exclusively for emergencies. Acute tooth pain (45%) caused by dental caries was the most common chief complaint. The trends for emergency presentations showed a significant decrease (p<.001) between years 2012–2014 for caries-related visits and a significant increase (p<.001) between 2012–2013 and 2012–2014 for atraumatic visits. Conclusions: Caries-related dental diagnoses were more common than trauma-related diagnoses. The most common caries-related diagnosis was pulp necrosis for both primary and permanent dentitions while the most common traumarelated diagnosis was subluxation for the primary dentition and enamel-dentin fracture for the permanent dentition.

scholarly journals Who spends and who does not: Clustering visitors at a national arts festival

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Saayman ◽  
A. Saayman ◽  
E. Slabbert
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Ticket Sales ◽  
Arts Festivals ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Arts Festival ◽  
First Time

The Grahamstown National Arts Festival is the oldest National Arts Festival in South Africa and was founded in 1974. This celebration of the arts takes place over a period of eleven days with the main festival running over eight days, which also makes it the longest (in terms of number of days) arts festival in the country. The literature review revealed that high spenders at arts festivals are also the visitors who buy the most show tickets. The success of these events is determined by ticket sales and not necessarily by the number of visitors. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine who the high spenders at the Grahamstown National Arts Festival are. Data obtained during the festival in 2008 by means of a questionnaire survey (N=446) was statistically analysed by means of K-means clustering, Pearson‟s chi-square test and ANOVAs. Results indicated two clusters, namely high and low spenders and can assist festival organisers in developing a more focused marketing strategy and festival programme. This was the first time that K-means clustering was applied to festival data in South Africa.

Trend in Prevalence of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) Infection in Japanese Blood Donors, Nagasaki, 1999 to 2006.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 2911-2911
Author(s):  
Masako Iwanaga ◽  
Shin Chiyoda ◽  
Eisuke Kusaba ◽  
Shimeru Kamihira ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donors ◽  
Secular Trend ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
T Lymphotropic Virus ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
First Time ◽  
Virus Carrier ◽  
Virus Screening

Abstract To evaluate time-trend of HTLV-1 prevalence and the effect of preventative measure against the viral transmission are important in the virus endemic regions. In Nagasaki, Japan, an endemic area of HTLV-1, a routine serological virus screening for blood donors and a prefecture-wide intervention project (the ATL Prevention Program; APP) to prevent milk-borne transmission for the virus carrier mothers have been conducted since 1986 and 1987, respectively. However, the effects of both projects on the virus seroprevalence have not been well evaluated. In this study, we conducted trend analyses of age-specific, birth-year-specific, and period-specific seroprevalence of HTLV-1 for first-time blood donors who donated between January 1999 and December 2006. Among 55668 first-time donors (age at donation; 16–65 years, birth year; 1934–1990), 718 were test positive for HTLV-1, indicating that the overall seroprevalence was1.29% (95%CI, 1.20–1.39). Prevalence was significantly higher in women than men (1.53% vs. 1.13%; OR; 1.36, 95%CI; 1.17–1.57). Seroprevalence increased significantly with increasing age at donation from 0.70% at 16–25 years to 7.34% at over 56 years (Chi-square test, P < 0.0001). The annual prevalence was 1.32 in 1999, 1.31 in 2002, and 1.37 in 2006, indicating that there was no significant secular trend during 1999–2006 (P for trend=0.99). In analyses by age at donation, trends of HTLV-1 prevalence significantly declined among age over 56 years (P for trend=0.02) and age 16–25 years (P for trend=0.0007), whereas in birth-year-specific analyses, there was no apparent change of the prevalence over time, except in birth year 1981–90 group in which the prevalence declined from 1.22% in 1999 to 0.44% in 2006 (P for trend < 0.0001). In analyses for limited birth year from 1985 to 1990, the seroprevalence declined from 0.75% in birth year 1985–86 group, 0.31% in 1987–88 group, to zero% in 1989–90 group (P for trend =0.0002). HTLV-1 seroprevalence was significantly lower among donors born in 1987–90 (after APP) than 1985–86 (before APP). These results indicate that a birth-year-specific analysis for HTLV-1 prevalence may be appropriate to evaluate secular trend since the virus mostly transmit during infancy, and that a prefecture-wide intervention, the refraining from breast-feeding by the virus carrier mothers, contributes a declining HTLV-1 seroprevalence in our region.

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI CARA MEMANDIKAN BAYI YANG BENAR PADA IBU POST PARTUM

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Muthmainnah Zakiyyah
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Measuring Instrument ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Know How ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Training ◽  
Provide Health Education

Abstrak Memandikan bayi memiliki tantangan tersendiri bagi orang tua terutama bila mereka baru pertama kali mempunyai seorang bayi. Tidak sedikit dari mereka yang tidak tahu bagaimana cara memandikan bayi sehingga mereka menyerahkan bayinya kepada pengasuh atau neneknya. Berdasarkan studi pendahuluan di Desa Pajurangan, pada tanggal 2 September 2019 kepada 10 ibu yang mempunyai bayi usia 0-28 hari. Didapatkan  4 ibu sudah mampu memandikan bayinya sendiri, sedangkan 6 ibu belum berani memandikan bayinya sendiri dikarenakan tali pusat belum lepas dan takut nanti bayinya tergelincir. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi cara memandikan bayi yang benar pada ibu post partum di Desa Pajurangan Kecamatan Gending Kabupaten Probolinggo. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah analitik. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 1 September – 30 November 2019. Populasi  semua ibu bersalin sebanyak 65. Sampling yaitu total sampling 65 responden. Instrumen ukur menggunakan cek list. Dari hasil uji chi-square dengan sistem 0,000 <0,05. Dengan demikian Ho menolak, H1 diterima, artinya umur, paritas, pendidikan dan dukungan suami/keluarga merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi cara memandikan bayi yang benar pada ibu post partum. Dari penelitian ini diharapkan bidan memberikan pendidikan kesehatan dan pelatihan cara memandikan bayi yang benar yang bisa dilakukan pada kelas ibu hamil atau pada konseling sebelum pulang dari fasilitas kesehatan. Kata Kunci : Cara, Memandikan, Bayi, Ibu, Post Partum Abstract Bathing a baby has its own challenges for parents, especially if it is their first time having a baby. Not a few of them do not know how to bathe the baby so they give their baby to the caregiver or grandmother. Based on a preliminary study in Pajurangan Village, on September 2, 2019, there were 10 mothers who had babies aged 0-28 days. Obtained 4 mothers have been able to bathe their own babies, while 6 mothers have not dared to bathe their own babies because the umbilical cord has not been released and afraid later the baby will slip. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the correct way to bathe babies in post partum mothers in Pajurangan Village, Gending District, Probolinggo Regency. The research design used is analytic. This research was conducted on 1 September - 30 November 2019. The population of all mothers was 65. Sampling is a total sampling of 65 respondents. The measuring instrument uses a check list. From the results of the chi-square test with a system of 0,000 <0.05. Thus Ho refused, H1 was accepted, meaning that age, parity, education and husband / family support were factors that influenced the correct way of bathing a baby in a post partum mother. From this study midwives are expected to provide health education and training in how to bathe the right baby that can be done in the class of pregnant women or in counseling before returning from a health facility. Keywords: Method, Bathing, Baby, Mother, Post Partum

363 FACTORS INFLUENCING PREGNANCY RATES FOLLOWING TRANSFER OF BOVINE IN VIVO EMBRYOS BIOPSIED FOR SEX DETERMINATION

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
S. Li ◽  
W. Yu ◽  
J. Fu ◽  
Y. Bai ◽  
F. Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fresh Embryos

Data collected from commercial embryo transfer programs in 63 farms in China during June 2002 to December 2005 was analyzed to examine the effects of various factors (biopsy, freezing, sample size, embryo development and quality, in vitro culture, and recipient quality) on pregnancy rates of in vivo-biopsied embryos. Embryos were flushed from superovulated dairy cattle and subjected to a biopsy for sexing determination using protocols and sexing kits supplied by AB Technology Ltd. Fresh embryos were implanted on the same day or frozen with AG freeze medium (AB Technology Ltd., Pullman, WA, USA) for later transfer. Recipients were synchronized with CIDA + PG protocols. Embryos were cultured in 6-well dishes containing 1.3 mL of holding medium (AB Technology Ltd.) in each well at room temperature (20–25�C) for examination of embryo survival in vitro. The chi-square test was used in statistic analysis. The implantation of fresh embryos after biopsy did not affect pregnancy rates (49.6%, 257/518) compared to that of non-biopsied fresh and frozen–thawed embryo groups (52.9%, 47/140 and 46.6%, 177/380, respectively). However, for biopsied embryos subjected to frozen and thawed procedures before implantation, particularly for those subjected to the removal of a larger biopsy, a reduced pregnancy rate was observed (41.8%, 297/710; P &lt; 0.01). Pregnancy rates among biopsied embryos at 3 different development stages (morula-early blastocyst, blastocyst, and expanded blastocyst) were not different. Similar results were found between embryo groups of grade 1 and 2. A significant decrease in pregnancy rate (0/10) was observed with embryos held in vitro for a longer period of time (&gt;5 h), suggesting detrimental effects of in vitro conditions on embryo survival. The highest pregnancy rate (68.0%) was observed in recipients synchronized for the first time before being implanted with biopsied embryos. Significant decreases in such rates were found in recipients synchronized for the second or third times or those with an abortion history at the first or second synchronization-implantation treatment (P &lt; 0.01). Better pregnancy rates (45.6%, 41/90; 46.1%, 76/165; and 45.5%, 5/11) were obtained for recipients implanted with biopsied embryos at Days 7.5, 8.0, and 8.5 post-heat detection, respectively, compared to 16% at Day 7 (3/18, P &lt; 0.05). It is concluded that mechanical treatment (cutting) does not reduce the survival of biopsied embryos; however, cryopreservation reduces their ability to survive in vivo. The analyses also suggest that holding embryos in vitro should not be longer than 5 h unless more favorable in vitro conditions can be provided. To achieve better results of implantation of biopsied embryos, embryo transfer should be performed during 7.5–8.5 days post-estrus, and the healthy recipients synchronized for the first time should be used.

scholarly journals Individual analysis of creatine kinase concentration in Brazilian elite soccer players

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Lima Alves ◽  
Emerson Silami Garcia ◽  
Rodrigo Figueiredo Morandi ◽  
João Gustavo Claudino ◽  
Eduardo Mendonça Pimenta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

OBJECTIVE: to determine the individual profile of blood concentration of creatine kinase CK in elite soccer players as well as to analyze the CK concentrations in different periods during the Professional Brazilian Championship.METHODS: resting CK of 17 soccer players was evaluated before the competition pre-season and after the matches 36 and 46 hours after the games CKGame for the individual blood CK. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the individual CK during the season. The competitive season was divided into three periods: initial, intermediate and final. The one-way ANOVA with repeated measurements followed by post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test was used to compare the individual CK of each soccer player in each competitive period. The significance level was set at p<0.05.RESULTS: the highest frequency of individual CK was found in the second quartile 71 observations and the lowest frequency in the first 26 observations and the fourth quartile 40 observations compared to the expected number of 45.8 x2=22.21. CK concentrations were lower in the intermediate mean=66.99% and final mean=60.21% periods than in the initial period mean=89.33%.CONCLUSION: soccer players did not show elevated muscle damage and probably a muscle adaptation occurred in the competition, due to the reduction of CK concentrations observed.

scholarly journals Childhood dental fear in children aged 7-11 years old by using the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Sujata Rath ◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
Debasmita Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Modification ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dental Fear ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Fear Survey Schedule ◽  
Separation From Parents ◽  
First Time

In children, dental fear is not only associated with fear of pain or invasive procedures, but it is also correlated with separation from parents or confronting unfamiliar people or environments. The Children’s Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) was developed to evaluate dental fear in children, and this scale is now used across the world for evaluating dental fear. The aim of this study was to evaluate dental fear in children between 7–11 years of age and to find out the association between caries and fear of dental treatment. A total of 300 subjects of both sexes were enrolled in the study. Prior to the oral examination, all patients’ attendants were informed about the study, and the subjects were asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding the CFSS-DS scale. The data obtained through the questionnaires were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Fear scores were highest for “injections” (3.91±0.17), “dentist drilling” (3.91±0.10) and “choking” (3.65±0.82). It was also observed that subjects who had already visited a dental clinic or those who were familiar with the dental environment at an early stage of life were less anxious than patients who were receiving dental treatment for the first time. In this study, we found that female subjects were more anxious in comparison to male patients. Once the child’s fear is identified, the dentist can use various behavior modification techniques to eliminate fear, explain the steps, and use the instruments accordingly until fear has vanished.

scholarly journals Exposure to electronic gadgets and its impact on developmental milestones among preschool children

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1884
Author(s):  
Roopadevi V. ◽  
Shravanti B. S. ◽  
Aravind Karinagannanavar
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Video Gaming ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Developmental Milestones ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
First Time

Background: The wellbeing of the children including their physical, mental, psychological growth and development and their opportunity to achieve full potential as adults is very important. But there are several factors which affect the normal development of the children. TV, mobiles, video gaming, DVD’s and other forms of electronic gadgets have become pastimes among preschool children. Thus, this study is planned to know the exposure of electronic gadgets and its impact on the developmental milestones among preschool children.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Gadag among 240 preschool children of age 2-5 years attending School. The data was collected from April 2018 to October 2018. Information was gathered from parents and teachers by using pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Frequencies, percentages and chi-square test were used in analysis.Results: In this study children using most common electronic gadgets were mobile and television for less than one hour followed by 1-2 hours usage. On an average each family had 5 members possessing 6 electronic gadgets and 3 mobiles. Majority of the children started using electronic gadget for the first time at 13-24 months. Authors found that there was significant association between electronic gadget usage and personal and social development.Conclusions: The most commonly used electronic gadgets were mobiles and television and, in this study, there is an association between total duration of electronic gadget usage and personal and social development.

scholarly journals PO-008 Influences of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms in elite female soccer athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Allele Frequency ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Genotype Frequency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme ◽  
Group I ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
First Time ◽  
Athlete Group

Objective The performance phenotype is regulated by polygenes .There were few reports about the cumulative effect of the I/D polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and ACTN3 in athletes.This study was to investigate the association of ACEI/D and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms with the performance of Chinese elite female soccer athletes for the first time.  Methods The genotype distributions of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X in the athlete group (N=92) and the control group of Chinese females (N=200) were evaluated via PCR and compared. Results Regarding the distribution of ACE polymorphisms, the genotype frequency was indifferent between the athletes (II 40.2%, ID 46.7%, DD 13.1%) and the controls (II 42%, ID 48%, DD 10%) based on the chi-square test. No difference in the I/D allele frequency was observed between the athlete group (I allele: 59.25%; D allele: 40.75%) and the control group (I allele: 60.8%; D allele: 39.2%). Regarding the distribution of ACTN3 polymorphisms, the genotype frequency was significantly different between the athletes (XX 0%, XR 53.3%, RR 46.7%) and the controls (XX 16%, XR 44%, RR 40%). The allele frequency was observed no different between the athlete and the control group (X allele:34.8%/41.7%; R allele: 65.2%/58.3%, respectively). The ACE and ACTN3 genotype combinations (II/ID/DD+RR/XR) significantly differed between the athletes and the controls by χ2 test (p<0.05). Conclusions These results suggested that the Chinese elite female soccer athletes were more likely to harbor the I allele and the R allele and that the combination of ACE II/ID and ACTN3 RR/XR was a synergetic determinant of the athletic performance of females in soccer.

scholarly journals PREFERENSI WISATAWAN TIMUR TENGAH TERHADAP PRODUK WISATA DI KABUPATEN BADUNG

Jurnal IPTA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Ni Komang Rahayu Wulan Dewi ◽  
I Gusti Putu Bagus Sasrawan Mananda ◽  
I Ketut Suwena
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Consulting Services ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Travel Services ◽  
First Time

This study aims to find preferences of Middle Eastern tourists towards tourism products of Badung Regency and involved 100 purposively selected respondents. The data was collected through questionnaires then processed using crosstab analysis method and chi-square test. The results of this study are: 1) Characteristics of Middle Eastern tourists visiting Badung Regency are dominated by women, aged between 25 – 44 years, private employees, married, nationality of Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Egypt, purpose of visit for vacation, information about Bali from internet, mostly traveled by tour packages, length of stay between 4 - 6 days, and mostly it’s their first time visit to Bali. 2) Preferences as follows prefer for natural attractions, stay in Kuta/Legian area, prefer to use a car rental, reserved resort as their accommodation through booking services, dining at restaurants, a watersport as entertainment activities, online media as information services, tourism consulting services are Bali tourism research, do not use tourist flights, and do massages when traveling to Bali. The characteristics of Middle Eastern tourists that correlate with the preference of selection of tourist products in Badung Regency is; Age correlates with tourism consulting services. Jobs correlate with tourist transport services. Nationality correlates with tourism transportation services, travel services, accommodation provision, tourism consulting services, travel services, tirta tours, and spas. Resources correlate with tourist transportation services, and the provision of accommodation. Travel organizing correlates with tourist transportation services, travel services, food and beverage services, and travel services. Travel periods correlate with tourist attractions, and tourism consulting services. Periodic travel correlates with travel services.

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