Occurrence, proportion, and vertical distribution of red heartwood in paper birch

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1996-2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Giroud ◽  
Alain Cloutier ◽  
Jérôme Alteyrac
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Thick Disks ◽  
Old Trees

Normal paper birch ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.) wood has a clear and uniform color. However, some paper birch trees contain reddish-brown-, discolored wood known as red heartwood. Its occurrence, proportion, and vertical distribution were investigated. One hundred and fifty trees were randomly sampled from three stands located at the Montmorency Forest, 75 km north of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. A subsample of 18 trees showing occurrence of red heartwood at stump height were felled, and 5 cm thick disks were cut at every 0.5 m of height. Red heartwood volume, proportion, and vertical distribution were determined from the disks. Trees with larger diameter at breast height and lower tree height had a higher probability of red heartwood occurrence. Red heartwood starts occurring in 40-year-old trees on average in the stands studied. The volume of red heartwood was positively correlated with tree age, and the proportion of red heartwood was positively related to tree age, and negatively related to the amount of sunlight on the live crown. Red heartwood proportion was 13.3% of the tree merchantable volume, mostly located under the live crown.

Detection of red heartwood in paper birch (Betula papyrifera) using external stem characteristics

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1491-1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Belleville ◽  
Alain Cloutier ◽  
Alexis Achim
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Value Loss ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Scar Width ◽  
Tree Vigour

Red heartwood, a dark nonhomogenous discolouration in paper birch trees ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.), limits the applications and uses of sawn boards to nonvisible low-value products, thus resulting in substantial value loss. The occurrence and distribution of red heartwood were investigated in 12 paper birch trees grown in the province of Quebec, Canada. The youngest tree was 62 years old at breast height and the oldest 86 years old for an average of 75 years old. In this study, 225 occurrences of external traits, relating to branch scars and forks, previously proposed as initiation points for red heartwood were identified and measured. The distribution of red heartwood was digitally mapped and the effect of these external traits on the red heartwood surface and shape inside each tree was examined. Results show that red heartwood initiates from an external trait and that multiple external traits can contribute to the development of a red heartwood column following the longitudinal axis of the stem. Red heartwood appeared to initiate mainly from external traits at the base of the tree. A modelling exercise indicated that the width of the red heartwood column inside a standing tree can be estimated from branch scar width and height from the ground. Tree vigour could not be linked to the proportion of red heartwood inside standing trees. A three-dimensional analysis of log shape could potentially be used to detect red heartwood presence in a log before processing to optimize the log sawing pattern.

scholarly journals Mutual Influences of Urban Microclimate and Urban Trees: An Investigation of Phenology and Cooling Capacity

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Celina H. Stanley ◽  
Carola Helletsgruber ◽  
Angela Hof
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Suitable Measure

This paper presents an empirical study on urban tree growth and regulating ecosystem services along an urban heat island (UHI) intensity gradient. The UHI effect on the length of the growing season and the association of cooling and shading with species, age, and size of trees was studied in Salzburg, Austria. Results show that areas with a low UHI intensity differed from areas with a medium or high UHI intensity significantly in three points: their bud break began later, the leaf discoloration took longer, and the growing season was shorter. After leaves have developed, trees cool the surface throughout the whole growing season by casting shadows. On average, the surfaces in the crown shade were 12.2 °C cooler than those in the sun. The tree characteristics had different effects on the cooling performance. In addition to tree height and trunk circumference, age was especially closely related to surface cooling. If a tree’s cooling capacity is to be estimated, tree age is the most suitable measure, also with respect to its assessment effort. Practitioners are advised to consider the different UHI intensities when maintaining or enhancing public greenery. The cooling capacity of tall, old trees is needed especially in areas with a high UHI intensity. In the future, species differences should be examined to determine the best adapted species for the different UHI intensities. The present results can be the basis for modeling future mutual influences of microclimate and urban trees.

Distribution and Succession of Epiphytic Lichens on Picea Abies Branches in a Boreal Forest, Central Norway

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Hilmo
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Epiphytic Lichens ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Lichen Community ◽  
Lichen Cover ◽  
Old Trees

AbstractThe distribution of epiphytic lichens on branches of a stand of Picea abies has been mapped, and patterns of succession and community structure are described. Many crustose species are of particular interest since little is known about their ecological requirements (e.g. Fuscidea pusilla Tønsb., Japewia subaurifera Muhr & Tønsb. and Gyalideopsis alnicola Noble & Vězda). Numerical treatment (correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis) of the species data was used to study the lichen distribution in relation to measured environmental variables. Tree age, tree height and branch height above ground are shown to be the most important variables to explain the species distribution. No significant relationship was found between branch compass point and the distribution of lichens. The species composition and cover changed from young to old trees. The largest variation in the lichen vegetation was found on the branches of young trees. A more homogeneous and stable lichen community appears on branches of mature trees. A clear zonation of the epiphytic vegetation develops as the branches grow, resulting in the occurrence of typical ‘branch-tip’ and ‘branch-base’ species. The highest number of species was recorded on the outermost part of branches before lichen cover reached the maximum. Hyperepiphytic thalli were mainly located in specific areas with high lichen cover on the branches. Lichens with reduced vitality were most common at the base of branches.

The effect of refuge trees on a paper birch ectomycorrhiza community

2000 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 1523-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Kranabetter
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Forest Disturbances ◽  
Community Similarity ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Paper Birch

Live trees within forest disturbances could support refugia populations of ectomycorrhizae fungi from which to reestablish ectomycorrhiza communities during forest succession. The effectiveness of refuge paper birch trees (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) in maintaining a forest ectomycorrhiza community on birch seedlings, both in clearcuts and forests, in northwest British Columbia was examined. Seedlings next to refuge birch trees in clearcuts had equal levels of average morphotype richness and eveness as seedlings next to mature birch trees in forests. Seedlings outside of the rooting zone of refuge trees had significantly less average morphotype richness in both clearcuts and forests, decreasing by 38 and 15%, respectively. The ectomycorrhiza communities were also more unique (lower community similarity) next to refuge trees than for seedlings away from refuge trees, especially in clearcuts. These treatment effects could be explained by differences in the ability to disperse and establish between early-stage, multi-stage, and late-stage ectomycorrhiza fungi. The results suggest refuge trees would be effective in forest management as sources of inocula for multi-stage and late-stage fungi.

scholarly journals Determining the Age of Streetside Trees with Diameter at Breast Height-based Multifactorial Model

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Jan Lukaszkiewicz ◽  
Marek Kosmala
Keyword(s):  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Multifactorial Model ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
R Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Total Tree

This article evaluates the possibility of determining tree age based simultaneously on diameter at breast height (dbh) (1.3 m [4.3 ft]) and total tree height using common lime, common ash, and horsechestnut species. The first step was the identification and measuring groups of trees growing in similar conditions (streetside trees in Warsaw area, Poland) in which planting ages were known (mainly from archives). Next, multifactorial regression model was developed describing the growth of both tree parameters (dbh and height) over time. In the majority of cases, plotting tree age against diameter and height yielded a regression coefficient r value and determination coefficient r 2value above 0.9. For graphic interpretation of elaborated multifactorial models, nomograms were applied. This kind of graph allows explaining tree age based on both dbh and height of trees. Another step was verification. The resulting model was applied to unrelated groups of trees of known age. Mean bias values were established for each model. The difference between the actual age and mean age calculated with the model was less than ±15%. Presented model, although not meant for application to individual trees, might be useful to determine the age of groups of trees growing along streets and roads.

INFLUENCE OF HOST FOLIAGE ON DEVELOPMENT, SURVIVAL, FECUNDITY, AND OVIPOSITION OF THE SPEAR-MARKED BLACK MOTH, RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Feeding Intensity ◽  
Interior Alaska ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Paper Birch

AbstractSpear-marked black moth, Rheumaptera hastata (L.), females tended to oviposit more readily on paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh., than other deciduous plants indigenous to interior Alaska. Larval feeding intensity was about 40% higher on birch foliage than on other host plants. Larvae reared on various host plant species differed in survival, development rate, and body weight. Food quality of host plants on which females were reared as larvae affected oviposition, fecundity, and egg viability. Larval development rate and survival decreased when fed foliage from birch trees that were repeatedly defoliated for 2 and 3 years.

scholarly journals NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROOT SYSTEM AND TREE GROWTH PARAMETERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Anselmo Malinovski ◽  
Leif Nutto ◽  
Willian Schwegler Wiese ◽  
Martin Brunsmeier
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Destructive Analysis ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Non Destructive

ABSTRACT The productivity of Eucalyptus at plantations is increasing and has undergone a variety of research studies. Most research is dealing with simple dendrometric variables like the DBH (diameter at breast height) and tree height, or more complex variables including crown parameters or variables concerning photosynthesis. The root systems, however, have not been well analyzed yet. The objective of the study was to analyze the root system with a non-destructive method and to evaluate possible correlations with dendrometric variables of the tree (DBH, height, crown expansion). A small experimental plantation with 39 even-aged, 6-year-old trees of Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla has been investigated within this study. The results of the study show the highest correlation of the root areas with the crown expansion. In general, the root area shows a significantly bigger expansion in the eucalypt plantation than the tree crown, with a more homogeneous development.

scholarly journals DIAMETRIC SITE INDEX: AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD TO ESTIMATE SITE QUALITY IN Nothofagus obliqua AND N. alpina FORESTS

CERNE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernan Attis Beltran ◽  
Luis Chauchard ◽  
Abel Velásquez ◽  
Renato Sbrancia ◽  
Guillermo Martínez Pastur
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Nothofagus Obliqua ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Site Classes

ABSTRAT The first step for constructing models of tree growth and yield is site quality assessment. To estimate this attribute, several methodologies are available in which site index (SI) is a standard one. However, this approach, that uses height at a reference age of trees, can be simplified if age is replaced by another reference variable easier to measure. In this case, the diametric site index (DSI) represents the mean height of dominant trees at a reference mean diameter at breast height. The aim of this work was to develop DSI in pure and mixed Nothofagus alpina and N. obliqua forests, and compare these models with the classical proposals based on height-age variables, within the temperate forest of northwestern Patagonia from Argentina, South America. Data originated from temporary plots and stem analyses were used. Tree age and diameter at breast height were obtained from each plot and used for establishing DSI family functions, following the guide-curve methodology. Site classes were proportionally represented among DSI curves of 17.0, 21.5, 26.0, 30.5 and 35.0 m of dominant tree height. Reference diameter instead of reference age can be cautiously used in order to fit site index models.

scholarly journals Mangrove Productivity Estimation using Modelling Approach and Tree Parameters Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 194008291987213
Author(s):  
Waseem R. Khan ◽  
Syaizwan Z. Zulkifli ◽  
Mohamad Roslan B. M. Kasim ◽  
Ahmad Mustapha Pazi ◽  
Roslan Mostapa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Nutrient Productivity ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Mangrove Trees ◽  
Modelling Approach

This study used productivity models and above ground biomass to investigate productivity in different sites of MMFR. Ninety Rhizophora apiculata leaf samples were collected from different compartments (18, 31, 71, 74, 42 and 55) based on tree age and management. For biomass calculation, tree height and diameter were measured in plot of 10m x 10m in compartment 18, 31, 71, 74 and 67. The age of the trees were as follows: compartment 18 and 31 with 15-year-old, compartment 71 and 74 with 25-year-old and compartment 67 with 30-year-old mangrove trees. Compartment 42 and 55 are classified as virgin jungle reserve (VJR). Compartment 67 was not taken as a sample site due to technical reason and compartments in VJR were not considered for biomass estimation. Sixteen variables; stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N), macronutrients (C, N, P), cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and trace elements (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn) were analyzed. Productivity models and calculated biomass for investigated compartments showed similar trends. In 15-year age group; compartment 18 showed higher productivity than in 31. For the 25-year age group; compartment 74 had higher productivity than 71. No prominent increase was observed in biomass between 15-year old and 30-year old trees. Furthermore, with moderate N and δ15N loading input, compartments showed more productivity. The results conclude that MMFR is a sustainably managed mangrove forest and its productivity could be monitored using nutrient productivity models.

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