Detection of red heartwood in paper birch (Betula papyrifera) using external stem characteristics

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1491-1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Belleville ◽  
Alain Cloutier ◽  
Alexis Achim
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Value Loss ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Scar Width ◽  
Tree Vigour

Red heartwood, a dark nonhomogenous discolouration in paper birch trees ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.), limits the applications and uses of sawn boards to nonvisible low-value products, thus resulting in substantial value loss. The occurrence and distribution of red heartwood were investigated in 12 paper birch trees grown in the province of Quebec, Canada. The youngest tree was 62 years old at breast height and the oldest 86 years old for an average of 75 years old. In this study, 225 occurrences of external traits, relating to branch scars and forks, previously proposed as initiation points for red heartwood were identified and measured. The distribution of red heartwood was digitally mapped and the effect of these external traits on the red heartwood surface and shape inside each tree was examined. Results show that red heartwood initiates from an external trait and that multiple external traits can contribute to the development of a red heartwood column following the longitudinal axis of the stem. Red heartwood appeared to initiate mainly from external traits at the base of the tree. A modelling exercise indicated that the width of the red heartwood column inside a standing tree can be estimated from branch scar width and height from the ground. Tree vigour could not be linked to the proportion of red heartwood inside standing trees. A three-dimensional analysis of log shape could potentially be used to detect red heartwood presence in a log before processing to optimize the log sawing pattern.

Occurrence, proportion, and vertical distribution of red heartwood in paper birch

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1996-2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Giroud ◽  
Alain Cloutier ◽  
Jérôme Alteyrac
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Thick Disks ◽  
Old Trees

Normal paper birch ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.) wood has a clear and uniform color. However, some paper birch trees contain reddish-brown-, discolored wood known as red heartwood. Its occurrence, proportion, and vertical distribution were investigated. One hundred and fifty trees were randomly sampled from three stands located at the Montmorency Forest, 75 km north of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. A subsample of 18 trees showing occurrence of red heartwood at stump height were felled, and 5 cm thick disks were cut at every 0.5 m of height. Red heartwood volume, proportion, and vertical distribution were determined from the disks. Trees with larger diameter at breast height and lower tree height had a higher probability of red heartwood occurrence. Red heartwood starts occurring in 40-year-old trees on average in the stands studied. The volume of red heartwood was positively correlated with tree age, and the proportion of red heartwood was positively related to tree age, and negatively related to the amount of sunlight on the live crown. Red heartwood proportion was 13.3% of the tree merchantable volume, mostly located under the live crown.

The effect of refuge trees on a paper birch ectomycorrhiza community

2000 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 1523-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Kranabetter
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Forest Disturbances ◽  
Community Similarity ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Paper Birch

Live trees within forest disturbances could support refugia populations of ectomycorrhizae fungi from which to reestablish ectomycorrhiza communities during forest succession. The effectiveness of refuge paper birch trees (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) in maintaining a forest ectomycorrhiza community on birch seedlings, both in clearcuts and forests, in northwest British Columbia was examined. Seedlings next to refuge birch trees in clearcuts had equal levels of average morphotype richness and eveness as seedlings next to mature birch trees in forests. Seedlings outside of the rooting zone of refuge trees had significantly less average morphotype richness in both clearcuts and forests, decreasing by 38 and 15%, respectively. The ectomycorrhiza communities were also more unique (lower community similarity) next to refuge trees than for seedlings away from refuge trees, especially in clearcuts. These treatment effects could be explained by differences in the ability to disperse and establish between early-stage, multi-stage, and late-stage ectomycorrhiza fungi. The results suggest refuge trees would be effective in forest management as sources of inocula for multi-stage and late-stage fungi.

INFLUENCE OF HOST FOLIAGE ON DEVELOPMENT, SURVIVAL, FECUNDITY, AND OVIPOSITION OF THE SPEAR-MARKED BLACK MOTH, RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Feeding Intensity ◽  
Interior Alaska ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Paper Birch

AbstractSpear-marked black moth, Rheumaptera hastata (L.), females tended to oviposit more readily on paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh., than other deciduous plants indigenous to interior Alaska. Larval feeding intensity was about 40% higher on birch foliage than on other host plants. Larvae reared on various host plant species differed in survival, development rate, and body weight. Food quality of host plants on which females were reared as larvae affected oviposition, fecundity, and egg viability. Larval development rate and survival decreased when fed foliage from birch trees that were repeatedly defoliated for 2 and 3 years.

Regional variation in wood discoloration in paper birch trees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Giroud ◽  
Emmanuel Duchateau ◽  
Isabelle Auger ◽  
Filip Havreljuk ◽  
Julie Barrette
Keyword(s):  
Regional Variation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Wood Discoloration ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Paper Birch

Wood discoloration was investigated in 721 paper birch trees from 146 sites across the managed forest of Quebec, Canada. Discoloration was present at breast height in 85% of trees, but its impact was limited in terms of tree basal area and volume, with proportions of 6.4% and 3.6%, respectively. These two measures were strongly correlated. Discoloration changed wood appearance but had no effect on microfibril angle and modulus of elasticity. Discolored wood was nevertheless denser, probably due to the accumulation of colored extractives. Predictive models were also developed and applied to 415,711 paper birch trees from 51,689 inventory plots across the province to study regional variation. Higher proportions of discolored basal area were obtained in the southwestern areas of the province where the climate is warmer and drier. In these areas, paper birch trees are larger and, likely, support bigger branches which can cause larger columns of discoloration when broken. Lower proportions were found in eastern regions where snowfall is more abundant. Smaller, more flexible branches in trees growing in these areas could explain this result. This study confirms the feasibility of large-scale mapping of wood discoloration in standing trees based on forest inventory and climate data.

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Vestibular Efferent Neurons Innervating Semicircular Canals of the Gerbil

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 3234-3248 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Purcell ◽  
A. A. Perachio
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Efferent Neurons

Purcell, I. M. and A. A. Perachio. Three-dimensional analysis of vestibular efferent neurons innervating semicircular canals of the gerbil. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3234–3248, 1997. Anterograde labeling techniques were used to examine peripheral innervation patterns of vestibular efferent neurons in the crista ampullares of the gerbil. Vestibular efferent neurons were labeled by extracellular injections of biocytin or biotinylated dextran amine into the contralateral or ipsilateral dorsal subgroup of efferent cell bodies (group e) located dorsolateral to the facial nerve genu. Anterogradely labeled efferent terminal field varicosities consist mainly of boutons en passant with fewer of the terminal type. The bouton swellings are located predominately in apposition to the basolateral borders of the afferent calyces and type II hair cells, but several boutons were identified close to the hair cell apical border on both types. Three-dimensional reconstruction and morphological analysis of the terminal fields from these cells located in the sensory neuroepithelium of the anterior, horizontal, and posterior cristae were performed. We show that efferent neurons densely innervate each end organ in widespread terminal fields. Subepithelial bifurcations of parent axons were minimal, with extensive collateralization occurring after the axons penetrated the basement membrane of the neuroepithelium. Axonal branching ranged between the 6th and 27th orders and terminal field collecting area far exceeds that of the peripheral terminals of primary afferent neurons. The terminal fields of the efferent neurons display three morphologically heterogeneous types: central, peripheral, and planum. All cell types possess terminal fields displaying a high degree of anisotropy with orientations typically parallel to or within ±45° of the longitudinal axis if the crista. Terminal fields of the central and planum zones predominately project medially toward the transverse axis from the more laterally located penetration of the basement membrane by the parent axon. Peripheral zone terminal fields extend predominately toward the planum semilunatum. The innervation areas of efferent terminal fields display a trend from smallest to largest for the central, peripheral, and planum types, respectively. Neurons that innervate the central zone of the crista do not extend into the peripheral or planum regions. Conversely, those neurons with terminal fields in the peripheral or planum regions do not innervate the central zone of the sensory neuroepithelium. The central zone of the crista is innervated preferentially by efferent neurons with cell bodies located in the ipsilateral group e. The peripheral and planum zones of the crista are innervated preferentially by efferent neurons with cell bodies located in the contralateral group e. A model incorporating our anatomic observations is presented describing an ipsilateral closed-loop feedback between ipsilateral efferent neurons and the periphery and an open-loop feed-forward innervation from contralateral efferent neurons. A possible role for the vestibular efferent neurons in the modulation of semicircular canal afferent response dynamics is proposed.

Semiochemical-mediated aggregation of the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron betulae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Kühnholz ◽  
Regine Gries ◽  
John H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Field Trapping ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Enantiomeric Ratio ◽  
Linalool Oxide ◽  
Electroantennographic Detection ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Chromatographic Mass

AbstractPorapak Q-captured volatiles from both sexes of Trypodendron betulae Swaine (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) excised from newly attacked logs of paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marshall (Betulaceae), as well as volatiles from unattacked birch logs, were analysed by coupled gas chromatographic electroantennographic detection analysis. Active compounds were identified by gas chromatographic mass spectroscopy. The enantiomeric ratio of 6-ethenyl-2,2,6-trimethyloxan-3-ol (linalool oxide pyranoid) was determined using a Cyclodex B column. Field-trapping experiments disclosed that the female-produced aggregation pheromone of T. betulae is a blend of the (3S,6R)-trans- and (3R,6R)-cis-linalool oxide pyranoid. Trap catches were synergistically increased when the pheromone was combined with both the host volatile ethanol and with conophthorin, which was found in female beetles as well as host volatiles. Use of linalool oxide pyranoid reproductively isolates T. betulae from sympatric Trypodendron Stephens species for which only (+)-lineatin has been identified as an aggregation pheromone.

The Clinical Value of Three-Dimensional Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald B. Reid ◽  
Myles Douglas ◽  
Edward B. Diethrich
Keyword(s):  
Intravascular Ultrasound ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Endovascular Interventions ◽  
Exact Reconstruction ◽  
Intravascular Stents ◽  
Ivus Imaging

Two-dimensional (2D) intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging can now be reconstructed into three dimensions from serial 2D images captured following a “pullback” of the IVUS catheter through the target site. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions provide “longitudinal” and “volume” images. The former is similar to an angiogram and can be examined in three dimensions by rotating the image around its longitudinal axis, providing clinically useful information during endovascular procedures. The volume view takes longer to create and is not an exact reconstruction, but it provides images that can be rotated into any spatial position. It visualizes the luminal aspect of the vessel particularly well. The clinical value of 3D IVUS is in the diagnosis of vascular disease and the assessment of endovascular interventions. Three-dimensional IVUS, which provides better, more informative images than 2D IVUS, can be particularly useful intraprocedurally in detecting inaccurate deployment of intravascular stents and endoluminal grafts.

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