THE POLYSACGHARIDES OF CRYPTOCOCCUS LAURENTII (Y1401): PART II. BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES FOUND IN THE ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 2007-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Abercrombie ◽  
J. K. N. Jones ◽  
M. B. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide

Cryptococcuslaurentii was grown on media which contained D-glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-6-C14, D-mannose-1-C14D-galactose-1-C14, D-xylose-1-C14, and L-arabinose-1-C14. The radioactive polysaccharides were isolated and hydrolyzed. The distribution of the radioactivity in D-mannose, D-xylose, and D-glucuronic acid isolated from the polysaccharides was determined.The results show that (A) D-mannose and D-glucuronic acids are formed from the hexoses without any appreciable breakdown of the hexose skeleton; (B) D-xylose is formed from the hexoses mainly by a process involving loss of carbon-6; (C) D-xylose and L-arabinose are both converted to D-mannose, D-xylose, and D-glucuronic acid with rearrangement of the pentose skeleton that may involve the action of transaldolase and transketolase.

THE POLYSACCHARIDES OF CRYPTOCOCCUS LAURENTII (NRRL Y-1401): PART I

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1617-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Abercrombie ◽  
J. K. N. Jones ◽  
M. V. Lock ◽  
M. B. Perry ◽  
R. J. Stoodley
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
End Groups

The extracellular polysaccharides produced by Cryptococcuslaurentii have been isolated and shown to consist of (A) an acidic polysaccharide containing D-mannose, D-xylose, and D-glucuronic acid; (B) a neutral polysaccharide containing D-glucose only.Preliminary structural studies on the acidic material suggest that it consists of a mannose-containing backbone with xylose and glucuronic acid as end groups, while the glucan contains 1 → 3, 1 → 4, 1 → 2, and (or) 1 → 6 linked residues.

Structural Features Inhibiting the Cross-Reaction of the Acidic Polysaccharide from Tremella mesenterica with a Type II Anti-pneumococcal Serum

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Fraser ◽  
H. J. Jennings ◽  
P. Moyna
Keyword(s):  
Steric Hindrance ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharides

The immunochemical behaviors of native, deacetylated, and periodate-oxidized acidic polysaccharides of Cryptococcus laurentii NRRL Y-1401 and Tremella mesenterica NRRL Y-6151 and Y-6158 were examined with type II anti-pneumococcal horse serum. Although the native and deacetylated polysaccharide of Cryptococcus cross-reacted, the equivalent Tremella polysaccharides did not. Smith degradations of the polysaccharides produced a reversal of this effect as the degraded polysaccharides of Tremella cross-reacted whereas that of Cryptococcus now failed to react. On the basis of this study it has now been established that the failure of the Tremella polysaccharides to cross-react with type II antiserum is due to steric interactions. The critical factor involved in the steric hindrance can be attributed to some strategically placed xylose units located in the vicinity of the glucuronic acid determinants. It has also been demonstrated that the periodate stability of the glucuronic acid residues of the Tremella polysaccharides is probably due to the presence of O-acetyl groups on the C-3 position of these residues.

Structural Analysis of an Acidic Polysaccharide from Tremella mesenterica NRRL Y-6158

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Fraser ◽  
H. J. Jennings ◽  
P. Moyna
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Limited Variation ◽  
Branched Structure ◽  
End Group

An acidic polysaccharide has been isolated from the culture medium of T. mesenterica NRRL Y-6158. The heteropolymer contained D-xylose, D-mannose, D-glucuronic acid, and O-acetyl in the molar ratios of 7:5:1:0.7, respectively. Methylation analysis of the heteropolymer indicated that it was essentially a 1 → 3-α-linked mannopyranose backbone having approximately 80% of the backbone units substituted, thus forming a very highly branched structure. The substituents on the backbone were found to be D-glucopyranosyluronic acid end-group, β-linked to the O-2 positions of the mannopyranose units, and 2-O-β-D-linked xylopyranose side-chains, linked both to the O-2 and O-4 positions of the mannopyranose backbone. The methylation analysis suggests that these side-chains are probably two or three xylopyranose units long, although a limited variation in the length of the side-chains is a possibility.

CONSTITUTION OF A DEGRADED POLYSACCHARIDE FROM WHEAT BRAN

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schmorak ◽  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Glycosidic Bond ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
End Group ◽  
Acid Unit

Graded acid hydrolysis of a soluble wheat bran hemicellulose containing L-arabinose (50%), D-xylose (38.5%), and D-glucuronic acid (9.0%) preferentially removed the L-arabinose giving an insoluble acidic polysaccharide in approximately 25% yield by weight. Methylation studies, periodate oxidation data, and hypoiodite end group estimations showed that the degraded polysaccharide was composed of repeating units of 7-8 D-xylopyranose residues joined by β,1 → 4 linkages. To this repeating unit, one D-glucuronic acid unit was attached by a 1 → 2 glycosidic bond. The cellulolytic enzyme of Myrotheciumverrucaria, which is specific for β,1 → 4 glycosidic linkages, hydrolyzed the degraded polysaccharide although it had no effect on the parent hemicellulose

Structure of an acidic polysaccharide elaborated by Bacilluspolymyxa-1231-ATCC 842

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salah M. Abdel-Kader ◽  
Mohamady A. Issa ◽  
Mohamed A. El-Shafei
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Backbone Chain ◽  
Branched Structure

An extracellular acidic polysaccharide, elaborated by Bacilluspolymyxa, was composed of D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid (approximate molar ratio of 4:3:1:1). Methylation and fragmentation analysis by partial acid hydrolysis indicated that the polysaccharide had a complicated, highly branched structure, consisting mainly of β(1 → 3) and (1 → 4) D-glycosidic linkages. The backbone chain containing D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucuronic acid residues is attached at the C-4, C-3, and C-4 positions, respectively, one out of every three glucose residues being substituted at the C-2 position to form two kinds of branches at the C-2 and C-4 positions, with side chains of single or a few carbohydrate units that are terminated by D-glucose and (or) D-mannose residues. Keywords: acidic polysaccharide, Bacilluspolymyxa.

Structure of the acidic capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus laurentii (NRRL Y-1401)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm B. Perry ◽  
Ann C. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Regular Structure ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Studies ◽  
Structure Formula

The capsular polysaccharide produced by Cryptococcus laurentii (NRRL Y-1401) is composed of D-mannose (3 mol), D-glucuronic acid (1 mol), D-xylose (1 mol), and O-acetyl (~1 mol). Methylation, periodate oxidation, partial acid hydrolysis, optical rotation, and nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that the polysaccharide is a high molecular weight branched polymer of regular structure having a repeating pentasaccharide unit with the structure:[Formula: see text]

scholarly journals Immunochemical study of diverse surface antigens of a Staphylococcus aureus isolate from an osteomyelitis patient and their role in in vitro phagocytosis

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
W W Karakawa ◽  
D A Young
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Immunochemical Study ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Variant Strain

The cellular antigens of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from a bone fragment from osteomyelitis, were analyzed immunochemically and by interaction with human phagocytic cells. When this strain was allowed to interact with human polymorphonuclear cells in the presence of antiserum, the strain was shown to have specific antiphagocytic antigens. An acidic polysaccharide consisting of galactose and glucuronic acid was isolated from the cell surface of the organism, and in vitro opsonization tests indicated that this acidic antigen impeded in vitro phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear cells. It was also observed that antibodies directed against the mucopeptide constituents of homologous and heterologous bacterial cell walls were effective in promoting the in vitro opsonization of the organism. In the presence of antimucopeptide serum and human polymorphonuclear cells, a variant strain was isolated from the wild type, and immunochemical analysis indicated that this strain consisted of galactose and immunodominant amino-galacturonic acid residues. In vitro phagocytosis studies employing this variant strain indicated that the homologous human convalescent serum contained higher levels of opsonins against the variant strain than the original isolate, the wild type. This observation is discussed.

Isolation and characterization of a new extracellular polysaccharide from a cellulose-negative strain of Acetobacter xylinum

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svein Valla ◽  
Johs. Kjosbakken
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Acetobacter Xylinum ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Structural Parts

An extracellular, acidic polysaccharide has been isolated from the culture medium of a spontaneous cellulose-negative strain of Acetobacter xylinum. Chemical analysis shows that the polymer is composed of glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio approximating 3:1:1:1. No evidence for the presence of cellobiose units as structural parts in the polysaccharide has been found.

EXTRACELLULAR HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES FROM CRYPTOCOCCUS AND TREMELLA: A POSSIBLE TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIP

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Slodki ◽  
L. J. Wickerham ◽  
R. J. Bandoni
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Taxonomic Relationship ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Optical Rotations

Unisexual forms of certain Tremella species produce extracellular acidic heteropolysaccharides when grown on media containing glucose. The isolated polysaccharides contain the same components found in polymers produced by strains of Cryptococcus laurentii, i.e., D-glucuronic acid, D-xylose, D-mannose, and O-acetyl. Optical rotations and molar ratios of components were determined. The polysaccharides are characteristic of the various species of Tremella which produce them. Some of these species produce polymers that contain much higher proportions of xylose than are found in the polymers produced by C. laurentii. Those tremellae that produce polymers resembling C. laurentii polysaccharides also give similar carbon assimilation patterns, but tremellae that produce polymers of higher xylose content also assimilate fewer carbon compounds. These findings, together with similarities in starch synthesis and morphology, suggest a relationship between some species of Tremella and Cryptococcus.

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