EXTRACELLULAR HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES FROM CRYPTOCOCCUS AND TREMELLA: A POSSIBLE TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIP

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Slodki ◽  
L. J. Wickerham ◽  
R. J. Bandoni
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Taxonomic Relationship ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Optical Rotations

Unisexual forms of certain Tremella species produce extracellular acidic heteropolysaccharides when grown on media containing glucose. The isolated polysaccharides contain the same components found in polymers produced by strains of Cryptococcus laurentii, i.e., D-glucuronic acid, D-xylose, D-mannose, and O-acetyl. Optical rotations and molar ratios of components were determined. The polysaccharides are characteristic of the various species of Tremella which produce them. Some of these species produce polymers that contain much higher proportions of xylose than are found in the polymers produced by C. laurentii. Those tremellae that produce polymers resembling C. laurentii polysaccharides also give similar carbon assimilation patterns, but tremellae that produce polymers of higher xylose content also assimilate fewer carbon compounds. These findings, together with similarities in starch synthesis and morphology, suggest a relationship between some species of Tremella and Cryptococcus.

Binding of lead and copper(II) cations to hemicelluloses of rye bran

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 2250-2258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Kohn ◽  
Zdena Hromádková ◽  
Anna Ebringerová
Keyword(s):  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Equilibrium Solution ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Free Ions ◽  
Uronic Acid Content ◽  
The Relationship

Several fractions of acid hemicelluloses isolated from rye bran were characterized by molar ratios of saccharides (D-Xyl, L-Ara, D-Glc, D-Gal) and 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid and protein content. Binding of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions to these acid polysaccharides was considered according to function (M)b = f([M2+]f), expressing the relationship between the amount of metal (M)b bound to 1 g of the substance and the concentration of free ions [M2+]f in the equilibrium solution and according to the association degree β of these cations with carboxyl groups of uronic acid at a stoichiometric ratio of both components in the system under investigation. Acid hemicelluloses contained only a very small portion of uronic acid ((COOH) 0.05-0.18 mmol g-1); the model polysaccharide, 4-O-methyl-D-glucurono-D-xylan of beech, was substantially richer in uronic acid content ((COOH) 0.73 mmol g-1). Consequently, the amount of lead and copper bound to acid hemicelluloses is very small ((M)b 0.017-0.025 mmol g-1) at [M2+]f = 0.10 mmol l-1. On the other hand, much greater amount of cations ((M)f 0.09-0.10 mmol g-1) was bound to the glucuronoxylan. The association degree β was like with the majority of samples (β = 0.31-0.38). The amount of lead and copper(II) bound to acid hemicelluloses from rye bran is several times lower than that bound to dietary fiber isolated from vegetables (cabbage, carrot), rich in pectic substances.

Structural Analysis of an Acidic Polysaccharide from Tremella mesenterica NRRL Y-6158

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Fraser ◽  
H. J. Jennings ◽  
P. Moyna
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Limited Variation ◽  
Branched Structure ◽  
End Group

An acidic polysaccharide has been isolated from the culture medium of T. mesenterica NRRL Y-6158. The heteropolymer contained D-xylose, D-mannose, D-glucuronic acid, and O-acetyl in the molar ratios of 7:5:1:0.7, respectively. Methylation analysis of the heteropolymer indicated that it was essentially a 1 → 3-α-linked mannopyranose backbone having approximately 80% of the backbone units substituted, thus forming a very highly branched structure. The substituents on the backbone were found to be D-glucopyranosyluronic acid end-group, β-linked to the O-2 positions of the mannopyranose units, and 2-O-β-D-linked xylopyranose side-chains, linked both to the O-2 and O-4 positions of the mannopyranose backbone. The methylation analysis suggests that these side-chains are probably two or three xylopyranose units long, although a limited variation in the length of the side-chains is a possibility.

Characterization of a mucoid Escherichia coli K12 strain, and chemical analysis of the exopolysaccharide

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 969-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Shugar ◽  
Kenneth E. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Spontaneous Mutant ◽  
Escherichia Coli K12 ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Genetic Lesion ◽  
Long Form

A spontaneous mutant of Escherichia coli K12 C600 was isolated which is mucoid as a result of overproduction of an extracellular polysaccharide. This strain also forms filaments, is sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation, and has its genetic lesion closely linked to the lac gene. Its phenotype and map position are analogous to the lon mutation (long form). The exopolysaccharide contains fucose, glucose, galactose, and may contain glucuronic acid, but the molar ratios of these sugars differ from those previously reported.

THE POLYSACCHARIDES OF CRYPTOCOCCUS LAURENTII (NRRL Y-1401): PART I

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1617-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Abercrombie ◽  
J. K. N. Jones ◽  
M. V. Lock ◽  
M. B. Perry ◽  
R. J. Stoodley
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
End Groups

The extracellular polysaccharides produced by Cryptococcuslaurentii have been isolated and shown to consist of (A) an acidic polysaccharide containing D-mannose, D-xylose, and D-glucuronic acid; (B) a neutral polysaccharide containing D-glucose only.Preliminary structural studies on the acidic material suggest that it consists of a mannose-containing backbone with xylose and glucuronic acid as end groups, while the glucan contains 1 → 3, 1 → 4, 1 → 2, and (or) 1 → 6 linked residues.

scholarly journals Non-natural Aldol Reactions Enable the Design and Construction of Novel One-Carbon Assimilation Pathways in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufeng Mao ◽  
Qianqian Yuan ◽  
Xue Yang ◽  
Pi Liu ◽  
Ying Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Aldol Reactions ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Flux Balance ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Economical Alternative

Methylotrophs utilizes cheap, abundant one-carbon compounds, offering a promising green, sustainable and economical alternative to current sugar-based biomanufacturing. However, natural one-carbon assimilation pathways come with many disadvantages, such as complicated reaction steps, the need for additional energy and/or reducing power, or loss of CO2, resulting in unsatisfactory biomanufacturing performance. Here, we predicted eight simple, novel and carbon-conserving formaldehyde (FALD) assimilation pathways based on the extended metabolic network with non-natural aldol reactions using the comb-flux balance analysis (FBA) algorithm. Three of these pathways were found to be independent of energy/reducing equivalents, and thus chosen for further experimental verification. Then, two novel aldol reactions, condensing D-erythrose 4-phosphate and glycolaldehyde (GALD) into 2R,3R-stereo allose 6-phosphate by DeoC or 2S,3R-stereo altrose 6-phosphate by TalBF178Y/Fsa, were identified for the first time. Finally, a novel FALD assimilation pathway proceeding via allose 6-phosphate, named as the glycolaldehyde-allose 6-phosphate assimilation (GAPA) pathway, was constructed in vitro with a high carbon yield of 94%. This work provides an elegant paradigm for systematic design of one-carbon assimilation pathways based on artificial aldolase (ALS) reactions, which could also be feasibly adapted for the mining of other metabolic pathways.

Structure of the acidic capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus laurentii (NRRL Y-1401)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm B. Perry ◽  
Ann C. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Regular Structure ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Studies ◽  
Structure Formula

The capsular polysaccharide produced by Cryptococcus laurentii (NRRL Y-1401) is composed of D-mannose (3 mol), D-glucuronic acid (1 mol), D-xylose (1 mol), and O-acetyl (~1 mol). Methylation, periodate oxidation, partial acid hydrolysis, optical rotation, and nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that the polysaccharide is a high molecular weight branched polymer of regular structure having a repeating pentasaccharide unit with the structure:[Formula: see text]

THE ACTION OF LIQUID AMMONIA ON WHEAT STRAW HOLOCELLULOSE

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Liquid Ammonia ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Exhaustive Extraction

Exhaustive extraction with anhydrous liquid ammonia removed 8.0% of wheat straw holocellulose. Acetamide was isolated from the extract and identified as the dihydrogen bromide salt. A polyuronide fraction, making up 1.3% of the holocellulose, was isolated and shown to consist of D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid in approximate molar ratios of 11:3:3:1:2.5. Analysis and hydrogenation of the noncarbohydrate portion of the liquid ammonia extract showed it to consist of low molecular weight degradation products among which methylamine was identified. A separate experiment showed that anhydrous liquid ammonia degraded an isolated polyuronide by 8.4%; all components of the polyuronide were equally affected.

scholarly journals Malyl-CoA lyase provides glycine/glyoxylate synthesis in type I methanotrophs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Y But ◽  
S V Egorova ◽  
V N Khmelenina ◽  
I I Mustakhimov
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Expression In Escherichia Coli ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Ribulose Monophosphate Cycle ◽  
Glycine Synthesis

Abstract The biochemical routes for assimilation of one-carbon compounds in bacteria require many clarifications. In this study, the role of malyl-CoA lyase in the metabolism of the aerobic type I methanotroph Methylotuvimicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z has been investigated by gene inactivation and biochemical studies. The functionality of the enzyme has been confirmed by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. The mutant strain lacking Mcl activity demonstrated the phenotype of glycine auxotrophy. The genes encoding malyl-CoA lyase are present in the genomes of all methanotrophs, except for representatives of the phylum Verrucomicrobium. We suppose that malyl-CoA lyase is the enzyme that provides glyoxylate and glycine synthesis in the type I methanotrophs supporting carbon assimilation via the serine cycle in addition to the major ribulose monophosphate cycle.

THE POLYSACGHARIDES OF CRYPTOCOCCUS LAURENTII (Y1401): PART II. BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES FOUND IN THE ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 2007-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Abercrombie ◽  
J. K. N. Jones ◽  
M. B. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide

Cryptococcuslaurentii was grown on media which contained D-glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-6-C14, D-mannose-1-C14D-galactose-1-C14, D-xylose-1-C14, and L-arabinose-1-C14. The radioactive polysaccharides were isolated and hydrolyzed. The distribution of the radioactivity in D-mannose, D-xylose, and D-glucuronic acid isolated from the polysaccharides was determined.The results show that (A) D-mannose and D-glucuronic acids are formed from the hexoses without any appreciable breakdown of the hexose skeleton; (B) D-xylose is formed from the hexoses mainly by a process involving loss of carbon-6; (C) D-xylose and L-arabinose are both converted to D-mannose, D-xylose, and D-glucuronic acid with rearrangement of the pentose skeleton that may involve the action of transaldolase and transketolase.

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