Structural Features Inhibiting the Cross-Reaction of the Acidic Polysaccharide from Tremella mesenterica with a Type II Anti-pneumococcal Serum

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Fraser ◽  
H. J. Jennings ◽  
P. Moyna
Keyword(s):  
Steric Hindrance ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharides

The immunochemical behaviors of native, deacetylated, and periodate-oxidized acidic polysaccharides of Cryptococcus laurentii NRRL Y-1401 and Tremella mesenterica NRRL Y-6151 and Y-6158 were examined with type II anti-pneumococcal horse serum. Although the native and deacetylated polysaccharide of Cryptococcus cross-reacted, the equivalent Tremella polysaccharides did not. Smith degradations of the polysaccharides produced a reversal of this effect as the degraded polysaccharides of Tremella cross-reacted whereas that of Cryptococcus now failed to react. On the basis of this study it has now been established that the failure of the Tremella polysaccharides to cross-react with type II antiserum is due to steric interactions. The critical factor involved in the steric hindrance can be attributed to some strategically placed xylose units located in the vicinity of the glucuronic acid determinants. It has also been demonstrated that the periodate stability of the glucuronic acid residues of the Tremella polysaccharides is probably due to the presence of O-acetyl groups on the C-3 position of these residues.

THE POLYSACCHARIDES OF CRYPTOCOCCUS LAURENTII (NRRL Y-1401): PART I

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1617-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Abercrombie ◽  
J. K. N. Jones ◽  
M. V. Lock ◽  
M. B. Perry ◽  
R. J. Stoodley
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
End Groups

The extracellular polysaccharides produced by Cryptococcuslaurentii have been isolated and shown to consist of (A) an acidic polysaccharide containing D-mannose, D-xylose, and D-glucuronic acid; (B) a neutral polysaccharide containing D-glucose only.Preliminary structural studies on the acidic material suggest that it consists of a mannose-containing backbone with xylose and glucuronic acid as end groups, while the glucan contains 1 → 3, 1 → 4, 1 → 2, and (or) 1 → 6 linked residues.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTIBODIES TO A SPECIFIC PRECIPITATE

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry P. Treffers ◽  
Dan H. Moore ◽  
Michael Heidelberger
Keyword(s):  
Horse Serum ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Rabbit Antibody ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Normal Horse Serum ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
The Cross

1. Rabbit antisera to a Type II pneumococcus specific precipitate from horse serum were tested with fractions prepared by ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis of normal and immune horse serum. 2. In one instance a rapidly sedimenting protein from normal horse serum had nearly the same quantitative antigenic properties toward the anti-antibody rabbit serum as did the purified pneumococcus antibody solutions previously reported. In another instance a comparable fraction removed only a part of the rabbit antibody. 3. Electrophoretic γ-globulin from an immune horse serum had quantitatively the same antigenic properties as did antibody solutions prepared by salt-dissociation of specific precipitates. 4. Electrophoretic γ-globulin from normal horse serum differed in its antigenic behavior from γ-globulin containing antibody. The data are compared with the antigenic properties of acid and alkali treated pneumococcus specific polysaccharides toward antipneumococcus horse sera. An interpretation in terms of polymers is suggested. 5. The cross-reaction of goat serum γ-globulin against the anti-antibody serum is reported and the extent of the reaction compared with those of goat and horse serum albumins against a rabbit antiserum to the latter.

THE POLYSACGHARIDES OF CRYPTOCOCCUS LAURENTII (Y1401): PART II. BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES FOUND IN THE ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 2007-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Abercrombie ◽  
J. K. N. Jones ◽  
M. B. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide

Cryptococcuslaurentii was grown on media which contained D-glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-6-C14, D-mannose-1-C14D-galactose-1-C14, D-xylose-1-C14, and L-arabinose-1-C14. The radioactive polysaccharides were isolated and hydrolyzed. The distribution of the radioactivity in D-mannose, D-xylose, and D-glucuronic acid isolated from the polysaccharides was determined.The results show that (A) D-mannose and D-glucuronic acids are formed from the hexoses without any appreciable breakdown of the hexose skeleton; (B) D-xylose is formed from the hexoses mainly by a process involving loss of carbon-6; (C) D-xylose and L-arabinose are both converted to D-mannose, D-xylose, and D-glucuronic acid with rearrangement of the pentose skeleton that may involve the action of transaldolase and transketolase.

Comparative surface and ultrastructural views of methylotrophic bacteria by TEM, STEM, SE, and freeze-etch electron microscopy.

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 792-793
Author(s):  
T.A. Fassel ◽  
M.J. Schaller ◽  
M.E. Lidstrom ◽  
C.C. Remsen
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Methylotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Membrane Complex ◽  
Oxidation Of Methane ◽  
Methane Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Methylomonas Albus

Methylotrophic bacteria play an Important role in the environment in the oxidation of methane and methanol. Extensive intracytoplasmic membranes (ICM) have been associated with the oxidation processes in methylotrophs and chemolithotrophic bacteria. Classification on the basis of ICM arrangement distinguishes 2 types of methylotrophs. Bundles or vesicular stacks of ICM located away from the cytoplasmic membrane and extending into the cytoplasm are present in Type I methylotrophs. In Type II methylotrophs, the ICM form pairs of peripheral membranes located parallel to the cytoplasmic membrane. Complex cell wall structures of tightly packed cup-shaped subunits have been described in strains of marine and freshwater phototrophic sulfur bacteria and several strains of methane oxidizing bacteria. We examined the ultrastructure of the methylotrophs with particular view of the ICM and surface structural features, between representatives of the Type I Methylomonas albus (BG8), and Type II Methylosinus trichosporium (OB-36).

scholarly journals Two β-glucuronosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of type II arabinogalactans function in mucilage polysaccharide matrix organization in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyeyemi O. Ajayi ◽  
Michael A. Held ◽  
Allan M. Showalter
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Sugar Residue ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Type Ii

Abstract Background Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are heavily glycosylated with type II arabinogalactan (AG) polysaccharides attached to hydroxyproline residues in their protein backbone. Type II AGs are necessary for plant growth and critically important for the establishment of normal cellular functions. Despite the importance of type II AGs in plant development, our understanding of the underlying role of these glycans/sugar residues in mucilage formation and seed coat epidermal cell development is poorly understood and far from complete. One such sugar residue is the glucuronic acid residues of AGPs that are transferred onto AGP glycans by the action of β-glucuronosyltransferase genes/enzymes. Results Here, we have characterized two β-glucuronosyltransferase genes, GLCAT14A and GLCAT14C, that are involved in the transfer of β-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to type II AGs. Using a reverse genetics approach, we observed that glcat14a-1 mutants displayed subtle alterations in mucilage pectin homogalacturonan (HG) compared to wild type (WT), while glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants displayed much more severe mucilage phenotypes, including loss of adherent mucilage and significant alterations in cellulose ray formation and seed coat morphology. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed significant alterations in the sugar amounts of glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants relative to WT in the adherent and non-adherent seed mucilage. Also, a reduction in total mucilage content was observed in glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants relative to WT. In addition, glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants showed defects in pectin formation, calcium content and the degree of pectin methyl-esterification (DM) as well as reductions in crystalline cellulose content and seed size. Conclusions These results raise important questions regarding cell wall polymer interactions and organization during mucilage formation. We propose that the enzymatic activities of GLCAT14A and GLCAT14C play partially redundant roles and are required for the organization of the mucilage matrix and seed size in Arabidopsis thaliana. This work brings us a step closer towards identifying potential gene targets for engineering plant cell walls for industrial applications.

Structural features of an acidic polysaccharide from the mucin of Drosera binata

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2297-2300 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.Channe Gowda ◽  
Gerd Reuter ◽  
Roland Schauer
Keyword(s):  
Structural Features ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide

Evidence that fatty acid chain length is a type II cell lipid-sorting signal

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. L44-L51 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Longmuir ◽  
S. Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Palmitoleic Acid ◽  
Lamellar Body ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fatty Acid Chain ◽  
Type Ii Cell

This study was undertaken to determine those structural features of phospholipid molecules which influence their enrichment in type II cell lamellar body material. Cultured fetal rabbit lung tissue was labeled with [1-14C]acetate, type II cells were isolated, and extracellular lamellar body and microsomal fractions were prepared. Radiolabeled molecular species of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), followed by silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography of HPLC peak fractions that overlapped. Compared with microsomes, lamellar body PC was selectively enriched with molecular species containing 14- and 16-carbon fatty acids and depleted of species containing 18-carbon fatty acids. Palmitoleic acid and an ether linkage positively influenced the enrichment of PC molecular species in the lamellar body material, but these structural features were secondary to the predominant influence of fatty acid chain length. In vivo, lung tissue normally contains low levels of palmitoleic acid; hence most unsaturated fatty acids are 18-carbons or longer. A cellular lipid-sorting mechanism that selects PCs by recognition of 14- and 16-carbon fatty acid chains (and not by recognition of fatty acid saturation) should serve to enrich the resulting pulmonary surfactant with disaturated molecular species of PC.

scholarly journals Coupled Translocation Events Generate Topological Heterogeneity at the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2681-2697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Moss ◽  
Andrew Helm ◽  
Yun Lu ◽  
Alvina Bragin ◽  
William R. Skach
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Hydrophobic Residues ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Signal Anchor ◽  
Hydrophilic Residues

Topogenic determinants that direct protein topology at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane usually function with high fidelity to establish a uniform topological orientation for any given polypeptide. Here we show, however, that through the coupling of sequential translocation events, native topogenic determinants are capable of generating two alternate transmembrane structures at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Using defined chimeric and epitope-tagged full-length proteins, we found that topogenic activities of two C-trans (type II) signal anchor sequences, encoded within the seventh and eighth transmembrane (TM) segments of human P-glycoprotein were directly coupled by an inefficient stop transfer (ST) sequence (TM7b) contained within the C-terminus half of TM7. Remarkably, these activities enabled TM7 to achieve both a single- and a double-spanning TM topology with nearly equal efficiency. In addition, ST and C-trans signal anchor activities encoded by TM8 were tightly linked to the weak ST activity, and hence topological fate, of TM7b. This interaction enabled TM8 to span the membrane in either a type I or a type II orientation. Pleiotropic structural features contributing to this unusual topogenic behavior included 1) a short, flexible peptide loop connecting TM7a and TM7b, 2) hydrophobic residues within TM7b, and 3) hydrophilic residues between TM7b and TM8.

scholarly journals Why Polyphenols have Promiscuous Actions? An Investigation by Chemical Bioinformatics

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601100
Author(s):  
Guang-Yan Tang
Keyword(s):  
Redox Potential ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Structure Activity

Despite their diverse pharmacological effects, polyphenols are poor for use as drugs, which have been traditionally ascribed to their low bioavailability. However, Baell and co-workers recently proposed that the redox potential of polyphenols also plays an important role in this, because redox reactions bring promiscuous actions on various protein targets and thus produce non-specific pharmacological effects. To investigate whether the redox reactivity behaves as a critical factor in polyphenol promiscuity, we performed a chemical bioinformatics analysis on the structure-activity relationships of twenty polyphenols. It was found that the gene expression profiles of human cell lines induced by polyphenols were not correlated with the presence or not of redox moieties in the polyphenols, but significantly correlated with their molecular structures. Therefore, it is concluded that the promiscuous actions of polyphenols are likely to result from their inherent structural features rather than their redox potential.

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