BETATRON IRRADIATION OF WATER SATURATED WITH BENZENE

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Freeman ◽  
A. B. Van Cleave ◽  
J. W.T. Spinks
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
X Rays ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Dose Determination ◽  
Peak Energy ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Oxidation Of Benzene

The oxidation of benzene to phenol in dilute aqueous solution by Co60 gamma rays and betatron X-rays (23 Mev. peak energy) is compared with the oxidationof Fe++ to Fe+++ under similar conditions. The ratio [Formula: see text]was the same for Co60 and betatron radiations. The yield for the Co60 radiations was about 10% greater than the apparent yield for the betatron radiations, the difference probably being attributable to dose determination at high energies (>1 Mev.). It is concluded that both reactions are independent of energy and dose rate over the ranges investigated.

Fricke dosimetry: the difference betweenG(Fe3+) for60Co gamma-rays and high-energy x-rays

1999 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1609-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
N V Klassen ◽  
K R Shortt ◽  
J Seuntjens ◽  
C K Ross
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
The Difference

scholarly journals A thermal method of measuring the vapour pressure of an aqueous solution

1930 ◽  
Vol 127 (804) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Thermal Method ◽  
Special Instrument ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solution ◽  
The Difference

The method described below of measuring the difference of vapour pressure between any two aqueous solutions, or between a solution and the solvent, arose from experiments on isolated surviving muscles, in which it was noticed that stimulation in nitrogen led to a large increase in the rate of resting heat-production. This increment in heat rate was traced finally to condensation of moisture on the muscle, due to the lowering of vapour pressure caused in the muscle by the accumulation of the products of activity. These experiments are described elsewhere. The unexpected sensitivity of the apparatus to a change of vapour pressure led to its trial with solutions of various concentrations held by strips of filter paper; the results were so promising that a special instrument was designed and constructed, which alone is referred to in the following pages. The method has various advantages: ( a ) it is direct and fairly exact, e. g ., the difference of vapour pressure between water and a not too dilute aqueous solution can be measured at any required temperature, within 1 to 2 per cent. ; ( b ) it is fairly rapid: a reading is obtained in 30 to 45 minutes and four or five measurements can be made at the same time, if desired, by a single observer; ( c ) it has a wide range, e. g ., one can measure, on the one hand, the difference of vapour pressure between 0⋅1 M. NaCl and 0⋅2 M. cane sugar, or, on the other, between 5 M. NaCl (5 g. molecules NaCl to 1000 g. H 2 O) and water, the latter difference being of the order of 500 times the former; ( d ) very small quantities of the solutions are required, enough namely to moisten 1 to 2 sq. cm. of filter paper, say 0⋅2 cc.

BETATRON IRRADIATION OF AQUEOUS FERROUS SULPHATE SOLUTIONS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Hummel ◽  
J. W. T. Spinks
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Peak Energy

The oxidation of aerated aqueous solutions of ferrousammonium sulphate has been studied using radium gamma rays and X rays of 24.5 Mev. peak energy from a betatron. The behavior at high photon energies has been shown to be closely similar to that at lower photon energies.

IRRADIATION OF ONE MOLAR AQUEOUS CHLORAL HYDRATE SOLUTION WITH Co60-GAMMA-RAYS AND BETATRON X RAYS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1164-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Freeman ◽  
A. B. Van Cleave ◽  
J. W. T. Spinks
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Specific Yield ◽  
Square Root ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Peak Energy ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Co60 Gamma

The production of acid by irradiation of 1 M chloral hydrate solutions is proportional to the dose at a given dose rate. The specific yield is the same for Co60 γ-rays as for 23 Mev. peak energy X rays and is a linear function of the inverse of the square root of the close rate. The reaction is apparently a chain reaction.

Acid-catalyzed enolization of acetophenone: catalysis by bisulfate ion in sulfuric acid solutions

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1224-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Keeffe ◽  
A. J. Kresge ◽  
J. Toullec
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Acidity Constant ◽  
Acidity Function ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solution ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbon Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Solutions

Rates of acid-catalyzed enolization of acetophenone in dilute aqueous solution, measured under conditions where the solvated proton is the only acidic species present, give a hydrogen ion catalytic coefficient, [Formula: see text], that is 35% smaller than the value obtained by X acidity function extrapolation of measurements made in moderately concentrated sulfuric acid solutions. The difference may be attributed to catalysis by bisulfate ion in the sulfuric acid solutions; this is supported by direct measurement of the bisulfate ion catalytic coefficient in dilute sulfuric acid. This revised value of [Formula: see text] leads to new, but only slightly different, values of the keto–enol equilibrium constant for acetophenone in aqueous solution, pKE = 7.96 ± 0.04, the acidity constant for acetophenone ionizing as a carbon acid, [Formula: see text] and the encounter-controlled rate constant for the reaction of acetophenone enol with molecular bromine, k = (3.2 ± 0.4) × 109 M−1 s−1.

scholarly journals Using X-Ray As An Irradiation Source For Direct ESR Dating of Fossil Teeth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Yu ◽  
A.I.R. Herries ◽  
R. Joannes-Boyau
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin Resonance ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Internal Dose ◽  
Esr Dating ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Powder Enamel

Abstract In this paper we have tested the potential application of X-rays as an irradiation source in Electron Spin Resonance dating of tooth enamel. Both modern and fossil samples were used to assess the feasibility of dose estimations using this alternative irradiator. Equivalent doses obtained with gamma-rays on fossil powder enamel was frequently less than the doses obtained on fragments using only X-rays. It is believed that a combination of NOCORs (non-orientated CO2- radicals) and local internal dose discrepancy may be the origin of the difference. Here, we show that testing penetration attenuation for each individual irradiation source is required to accurately estimate the maximum enamel thickness and produce reliable protocols. The use of a known laboratory additive dose allows the calculation of an absorption equivalent coefficient between gamma-rays and X-rays. We conclude that X-rays are an alternative irradiation source for ESR dating protocols, however, limitations remain in particular with alpha efficiency.

Chemical Species Identification in an SEM by Changes in Emitted X-Ray Energies

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 570-571
Author(s):  
R. H. Duff
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Valence Electron ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Chemical Bonds ◽  
Small Shift ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Transitions ◽  
Peak Energy ◽  
Chemical Combination

A material irradiated with electrons emits x-rays having energies characteristic of the elements present. Chemical combination between elements results in a small shift of the peak energies of these characteristic x-rays because chemical bonds between different elements have different energies. The energy differences of the characteristic x-rays resulting from valence electron transitions can be used to identify the chemical species present and to obtain information about the chemical bond itself. Although these peak-energy shifts have been well known for a number of years, their use for chemical-species identification in small volumes of material was not realized until the development of the electron microprobe.

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