Frothy feedlot bloat in cattle: production of extracellular polysaccharides and development of viscosity in cultures of Streptococcus bovis

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
R. Hironaka ◽  
G. A. Jones ◽  
Thalia Nicas ◽  
J. W. Costerton
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Streptococcus Bovis ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
The Media

Streptococcus bovis was cultured in a synthetic medium with three concentrations of sucrose. Initial viscosity of the media was 1.5 centipoise (cp). After incubation for 8 h, the viscosity of the medium with 0.5% sucrose was unchanged, that with 3% sucrose had increased to 8 cp, and that with 6% sucrose to 112 cp. Similar results were found with a rumen fluid medium. A slimy material, responsible for increased viscosity of these cultures, was digested by dextranase. The material appeared as a complex system of intercellular fibers when viewed under the electron microscope after freeze-etching. With proteins and other polymers released from lysed bacteria, this slimy material may contribute directly to increased viscosity and foam formation. In addition to these intercellular fibers, each cell was surrounded by a fibrous capsule that was not digested by dextranase. This capsule stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate, but not with ruthenium red. The amount of capsular material produced was similar whether the media contained 0.5, 3.0, or 6% sucrose.

Isolation and identification of rumen bacteria capable of anaerobic phloroglucinol degradation

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 794-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chii-Guary Tsai ◽  
G. A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Streptococcus Bovis ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
De Man ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Eight strains of rumen bacteria capable of degrading phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) under anaerobic conditions were isolated from enrichment cultures of the bovine rumen microflora established in a prereduced medium containing 0.02 M phloroglucinol. Five of the strains were facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive streptococci which were identified as Streptococcus bovis. Three strains of obligately anaerobic Gram-positive cocci were assigned to the genus Coprococcus. Anaerobic cultures of the Streptococcus bovis strains in a 40% rumen fluid medium initially containing 0.02 M phloroglucinol degraded 50–80% of the substrate within 2 days, whereas cultures of the Coprococcus strains degraded more than 80% of the substrate under the same conditions. The Streptococcus bovis strains were incapable of degrading phloroglucinol in brain heart infusion or in the medium of de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS broth) incubated aerobically.

scholarly journals Preservation of alveolar type II pneumocyte lamellar bodies for electron microscopic studies.

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 989-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Collet
Keyword(s):  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Alveolar Type ◽  
Morphological Aspect ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Lamellar Bodies ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Type Ii Pneumocyte ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Freeze Etching

Simultaneous fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, followed by an uranyl acetate (UA) treatment before dehydration and embedding (Hirsch and Fedorko 1968) ensures a very good preservation of lamellar bodies (LB's) as well as of the cellular membranes in type II pneumocyte. The uranyl acetate treatment appeared to be the most efficient step of the procedure. The morphological aspect of lamellar bodies after such a preparation was similar to that observed after freeze-etching of lipid retaining methods. Moreover, the Hirsch-Fedorko procedure is very simple and can easily be used for routine ultrastructural and radioautographic studies. On the other hand, it appeared that the uranyl acetate phospholipid "complex" is very sensitive to the pH of chemical solutions used after sectioning. The "complex" is variously dissolved by alkaline solutions, photographic developers or stains. The best preservation of ultrastructure was obtained with neutral or acidic developers and acidic stains.

Variation in the in vitro hydrolytic activity of rumen and faecal inocula

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 166-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Afdal ◽  
F.L. Mould ◽  
C. Rymer ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
D.I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Evaluation Systems

Considerable efforts have been made regarding the use of faecal material to provide a microbial inoculum for in vitro feed evaluation systems. However total gas production, rate of gas release and the extent of degradation of feeds incubated using faecal inoculum are lower than those incubated in a rumen fluid medium. It has been suggested that this is due to lower microbial activity, a consequence of the different microflora and reduced microbial numbers (e.g. Mauricio, 1999). Microbial populations are dynamic so, as their enzyme activity profiles change rapidly, little information is obtained from examining these. However, their hydrolytic activity as reflected by their ability to degrade specific substrates can be simply measured and provides a potential method with which to assess the quality of inocula with respect to their use in in vitro systems. The data presented here are from a larger study in which the differences between the hydrolytic activity of faecal material and rumen contents as influenced by the time of sampling were assessed in vitro.

scholarly journals Foam Formation by Compression/Decompression Cycle of Soft Porous Media

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Phillip Johnson ◽  
Mauro Vaccaro ◽  
Victor Starov ◽  
Anna Trybala
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Porous Media ◽  
Porous Material ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Compression Device ◽  
The Media ◽  
Minimum Separation ◽  
Soft Porous Media ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Good Agreement

A theory of the amount of foam produced by compression/decompression cycles of a soft porous media is developed. The amount of foam produced was found to be dependent on both the amount of surfactant within the media and the minimum separation between the plates of the compression device. The latter is determined by the mechanical properties of the soft media. The theory also shows the importance of the decompression of the media as this is the mechanism of where the air penetrates into the soft porous material. The accumulated air is used during the compression stage for foam formation. The theoretically predicted values of foam mass are found to have good agreement with experimental observations, which validates the theory predictions. The theory also predicts independence of the foam produced in terms of the frequency of compression/decompression cycles, which agrees with our experimental observations.

Products of anaerobic phloroglucinol degradation by Coprococcus sp. Pe15

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chii-Guary Tsai ◽  
Diane M. Gates ◽  
W. M. Ingledew ◽  
G. A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Resting Cell ◽  
Flavonoid Compounds

Under anaerobic conditions, resting cell suspensions of Coprococcus sp. Pe15 degraded 1 molecule of phloroglucinol to 2 molecules of acetic acid and 2 molecules of carbon dioxide. The organism metabolized the flavonoids rhamnetin and quercetin anaerobically in 20% rumen fluid medium but failed to grow under similar conditions at the expense of any of 39 other aromatic or flavonoid compounds tested.

ELECTRONMICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON PLATELETS AND MEGAKARYOCYTES IN GIANT PLATELET SYNDROME

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sozo Suzuki ◽  
Kazuo Mori ◽  
Koji Sugai ◽  
Yasuyuki Akutsu ◽  
Masaaki Ishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Membrane Systems ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Giant Platelets ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Giant Platelet ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Large Platelet

Giant platelet syndrome are characterized morphologically by many giant platelets associated with several functional abnormalities in the peripheral blood. However, the mechanism of large platelet production has not yet been clarified. In 1981, we reported acase with Bernard-Soulier syndrome(BSS) in whom giant platelets were considered to be formed by fusion of two or three platelets in the circulating blood. We examined the ultrastructure of platelets and megakaryocytes in another case with BSS (29 year-old female) and a case with May-Hegglin anomaly (31 year-old male). Whole blood and bone marrow specimens were fixed with glutaraldehyde-osmium solution. Thin sections were prepared and stained with uranyl acetate and lead cytrate. Membrane systems of platelets and megakaryocytes in a case with BSS was investigated by staining of surface coating with ruthenium red.In a case with BSS, most platelets were very large and similar in morphology to those in formerly reported case. Giant platelets contained several-fold increased number of α-granules and mitochondria. Typical dense bodies were also observed. Contents of ATP/ADP, platelet factor-4(PF-4), B-thromboglobulin(B-TG) and platelet factor-3 availability(PF-3) were increased. Disorganization of microtubules was recognized. Some giant platelet contained membrane systems similar to demarcation membranes(DM) in megakaryocytes, characteristically. In mature megakaryocytes, areas divided by DM similar in size to those in normal megakaryocytes were observed. Several of these areas appeared to fuse together to form the giant platelets containing many granules and remnants of DM. In a case with May-Hegglin anomaly, typical Dohle’s bodies were shown in neutrophilic granulocytes. Giant platelets in this case also contained large number of α-granules and some of them contained membrane systems similar to DM. Areas similar in morphology to these giant platelets were clearly noted in the cytoplasm of mature megakaryocytes.In these cases, most giant platelets in the peripheral blood may be formed in the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes by fusion of several areas divided by DM, each of which may become normal sized platelets in normal megakaryocytes.

scholarly journals Foam Formation and Interaction with Porous Media

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Johnson ◽  
Mauro Vaccaro ◽  
Victor Starov ◽  
Anna Trybala
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Critical Micelle Concentration ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Surfactant Solution ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Compression Device ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
The Media ◽  
Soft Porous Media ◽  
First Time

Foams are a common occurrence in many industries and many of these applications require the foam to interact with porous materials. For the first time interaction of foams with porous media has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically by O. Arjmandi-Tash et al. It was found that there are three different regimes of the drainage process for foams in contact with porous media: rapid, intermediate and slow imbibition. Foam formation using soft porous media has only been investigated recently, the foam was made using a compression device with soft porous media containing surfactant solution. During the investigation, it was found that the maximum amount of foam is produced when the concentration of the foaming agent (dishwashing surfactant) is in the range of 60–80% m/m. The amount of foam produced was independent of the pore size of the media in the investigated range of pore sizes. This study is expanded using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), which has the same critical micelle concentration as the commercial dishwashing surfactant, where the foam is formed using the same porous media and compression device. During the investigation, it was found that 10 times the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is the optimum concentration for a pure SDS surfactant solution to create foam. Any further increase in concentration after that point resulted in no further mass of foam being generated.

Pleurotus ostreatus requirements for P, K, Mg, and Mn in submerged culture

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 620-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wireko Manu-Tawiah ◽  
Antonio M. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
The Media ◽  
Extract Medium

The nutritional requirements of P, K, Mg, and Mn for the mycelial growth of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus have been studied. Experiments were conducted in submerged culture using a synthetic medium and a peat-extract-based medium. Requirements for both additional phosphorus and additional potassium were detected, and supplementing the peat extract medium with potassium phosphate enhanced the mycelial growth. The addition of yeast extract and potassium phosphate, combined with the peat extract, produced the highest dry biomass concentration in this work, 6.8 g/L. Linear relationships were found between the dry biomass concentration of P. ostreatus and the concentration of KH2PO4 added to the media. No additional requirement for magnesium beyond that existing in the peat extract medium was detected. Supplementing this medium with manganese in the range of 0.1 to 0.15 g/L produced a slight increase in the growth.

Antibiotic activity of an isocyanide metabolite of Trichoderma hamatum against rumen bacteria

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 767-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Liss ◽  
D. Brewer ◽  
A. Taylor ◽  
G. A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Cellulose Hydrolysis ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Trichoderma Hamatum ◽  
Significant Depression

A metabolite of Trichoderma hamatum, 3-(3-isocyanocyclopent-2-enylidene)propionic acid, was tested for its effects on growth of and carbohydrate metabolism in 11 strains of functionally important rumen bacteria. To standardize the biological activity of this unstable metabolite, a rapid, aerobic disc diffusion assay was developed using Escherichia coli ATCC 11775. In an anaerobic broth dilution assay using a medium lacking rumen fluid and containing a soluble carbohydrate, the minimum inhibitory concentration of the metabolite which completely inhibited growth of the rumen bacteria for 18 h at 39 °C was generally < 10 μg∙mL−1; however, the minimum inhibitory concentrations for Megasphaera elsdenii B159 and Streptococcus bovis Pe18 were 10–25 and 25–64 μg∙mL−1, respectively. In general, the Gram-negative strains were more sensitive than the Gram positive. The minimum inhibitory concentration for Bacteroides ruminicola 23 grown with glucose was 1 μg∙mL−1; for B. ruminicola GA33 (glucose), B. succinogenes S85 (cellobiose), and Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens 24 (maltose), it was 2 μg∙mL−1. When added to a cellulose-containing rumen fluid medium, 1–4 μg∙mL−1 of the metabolite delayed cellulose hydrolysis by B. succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus albus 7, and R. flavefaciens FD1 for up to 4 days, and 6–7 μg∙mL−1 prevented hydrolysis for at least 1 month. In the presence of the metabolite, the proportion of acetate produced from soluble carbohydrate by the majority of strains increased, but with some strains net production of acetate decreased relative to production of other acidic fermentation products. If the metabolite gained entrance to the rumen, a concentration of as little as 1 μg∙mL−1 would probably cause a significant depression of the fermentation and result in nutritional deprivation of the animal.

scholarly journals Ecological Diversity of Microbial Consortium Feces of Beef Cattle and Lignite Coal

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Gina Chynthia Kamarudin Puteri ◽  
Roni Ridwan ◽  
Ellin Harlia
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Microbial Consortium ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Coal Waste ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
Lignite Coal

Increasing energy demand is not alongside the availability of limited fossil fuels. Alternative and renewable energy sources are not only an option to overcome energy problems but also essential to minimize global warming. Another critical and promising renewable energy source is biomass-derived from livestock feces. Beef cattle feces contain a microorganism consortium that can be used as a starter with coal media to form biogas. Indonesia recently developed coal waste processing into renewable energy, such as biogas. This study aimed to overview the ecological diversity of microbial consortium of beef cattle feces, lignite coal waste, and a combination of livestock and lignite coal waste under mesophilic conditions. This research is an explorative method, the data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The process of formation was carried out anaerobically on a bottle containing the rumen fluid medium. The fermentation process lasted 42 days at 39℃ of temperature. After that, the sample was electrophoresis, followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) method. NGS data is processed with the MG-Rast website. This study demonstrates the ecological diversity of microbial consortium of beef cattle, lignite coal waste, and a combined consortium. The results showed ecological diversity in the form of taxonomy dominated by bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea.

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