Formulation of Gel Hand Sanitizer of Nagasari Leaf Extract (Mesua ferrea L.)

Nagasari (Mesua ferrea L.) is one of the biodiversity to be developed as an antiseptic preparation. These plants are known to contain flavonoid compounds, tannins, and terpenoids that act as antibacterial. Hand sanitizer gel preparations can increase the effectiveness of topically. The physical properties of a good gel depend on a gelling agent, one of which is HPMC. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in HPMC levels on physical properties and antibacterial activity. Gels were prepared with various HPMC levels of 1%, 2%, and 3%. The gel was tested for physical properties and stability. All formulas produced preparations that met the requirements for good physical properties and stability. Testing of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus showed that an increase in HPMC levels could decrease the ability to release the active substance of the preparation. The diameter of the inhibition zone obtained was 10.0 mm (HPMC 1%); 9.5 mm (2% HPMC) and 8.0 mm (3% HPMC). Increasing the concentration of HPMC will increase the viscosity and adhesion but decrease the spreadability. The three formulas had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with moderate criteria.Keywords: Extract of nagasari leaf, Gel, HPMC, Staphylococcus aureus

Controlling Listeria monocytogenes Growth and Biofilm Formation using Flavonoids

The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of natural plant-derivate (flavonoid compounds) products to reduce and/or inhibit the biofilm-forming ability of Listeria monocytogenes. A collection of 500 synthetic and natural flavonoids were tested on strains of L. monocytogenes for their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity. L. monocytogenes biofilm inhibition by flavonoid compounds was tested on i) stainless steel coupons using crystal violet staining and ii) glass slides using confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) imaging. The flavonoids were tested against a L. monocytogenes cocktail of 5 strains at a concentration of 100 µM to determine their effect on planktonic growth. A total of 17 flavonoids were chosen for further study due to their ability to significantly reduce the growth of L. monocytogenes in BHI broth, while 2 flavonoids were chosen because they actually increased growth. A lower concentration of flavonoid compounds (50 µM) was selected to investigate their effects on L. monocytogenes biofilm formation using i) stainless steel coupons to quantify biomass and ii) glass coupons to observe the biofilm architecture. The 19 flavonoids showed various levels of L. monocytogenes growth inhibition, ranging from 2% to 100%, as compared to the respective positive and negative controls on stainless steel, after 48 h of incubation at 22 o C. In addition, in comparison to the control, most of the 19 flavonoids significantly (p ≤ 0.05) inhibited biofilm formation, with at least one of the L. monocytogenes strains or at one of the tested temperatures. In fact, when grown in BHI broth with 50 µM of the 19 selected flavonoid compounds for 48 h at 22 o C, there were visible reductions in L. monocytogenes biofilm formation on the glass coupons. Overall, we found multiple flavonoid compounds to be promising anti-biofilm and antimicrobial agents against L. monocytogenes .

Analysis of flavonoid compounds of Orange (Citrus sp.) peel as anti-main protease of SARS-CoV-2: A molecular docking study

SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of coronavirus that causes COVID-19. This virus was first detected in the city of Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019, and until now, it has become a global pandemic. The FDA recently approved Vekluty (remdesivir) for adults and certain pediatric patients who have COVID-19 and are sick enough to require hospitalization. One of the potential drug target candidates for SARS-CoV-2 is the main protease (Mpro). The purpose of this study was to analyze the flavonoid compounds found in orange (Citrus sp.) peel to determine its potential as anti-Mpro through a molecular docking study. The compounds were initially screened for drug-like properties and then docked using Autodock Vina in the PyRx emulator software. The docking results were visualized using the BIOVIA Discovery Visualizer 2020. The result showed that the binding free energy of hesperidin (-8.6 kcal/mol) was higher than nelfinavir (-8.5 kcal/mol). In addition, hesperitin (-7.3 kcal/mol), sakuranetin (-7.1 kcal/mol), isosacuranetin (-7.2 kcal/mol) and tetra-o-methylscutallerin (-6.8 kcal/mol) exhibited lower binding free energy value than control. Based on these results, hesperidin has the potential as an inhibitor of the main protease’s SARS-CoV-2.

Antihyperuricemia Activity of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Bilimbi Leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.)

Hyperuricemia is a condition where there is an increase in uric acid levels above normal. An increase in the number of leukocytes is also a biological marker of hyperuricemia. The leaves of bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) are one of the traditional medicinal plants which contain alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and flavonoid compounds. Flavonoid compounds are thought to inhibit the formation of uric acid in the body. This study investigates the antihyperuricemia activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of bilimbi leaves. The animals were male white mice grouped into six groups: the normal group, negative control, positive control (allopurinol), and the group was given the ethyl acetate fraction of bilimbi leaves at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW. Hyperuricemia induction is by giving high-purine diets and potassium oxonate. The results showed that the variation of the ethyl acetate fraction of bilimbi leaves significantly reduce uric acid levels and the number of leukocyte cells (sig <0.05). Giving ethyl acetate fraction at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW showed the best reduction in uric acid and leukocyte levels.

Antioxidant and Sunscreen Activity Purified Extract of Kenikir Leaves (ETDK) and Tampoi Fruit Peel Extract (EKBT) Nanocream

Background: UV lights are free radicals that can cause damage to the skin, such as redness, burning, pigmentation, and even cancer. Kenikir leaf purified extract (ETDK) and Tampoi fruit peel extract (EKBT) contain flavonoid compounds. Flavonoid compounds can be antioxidants and sunscreens due to the presence of chromophore groups that can absorb UV rays to reduce exposure to the skin. Objectives: This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and the ability of sunscreen nano cream Purified extract of Kenikir leaves and Tampoi fruit peel extract. Material and metode: Nanocream is made with 3 ETDTK-EKBT combination formulas, II ETDK formulas, III EKBT formulas. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method and the sunscreen activity test using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method to calculate the SPF value of the preparation (Mansur's method). Result: The results showed that the nano cream formula had a strong antioxidant activity with the per cent inhibition of formula I 78.28%, formula II 68.49%, and formula III 73.00%. The activity test results as a sunscreen formulation of purified extract nano cream from Kenikir leaves and nano cream from Tampoi fruit peel extract had extra protection ability with a sun-protecting factor value of 7 while the nano cream formula combined extract with an SPF value of 10 gave the maximum protection category. Conclusion: nano cream have potential as antioxidants and sunscreens.

Uji Aktivitas Antikolesterol Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Air(Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.)Alston) SecaraIn Vitro

Cholesterol is a natural substance that has physical properties similar to fat but has the formula steroids. Cholesterol belongs to the non-hydrolyzed lipid group and is the main sterol in body tissues. When cholesterol levels increase, it can cause blockages in blood vessels. Several studies have explained that one of the compounds that can reduce cholesterol is flavonoid compounds, one of the plants containing flavonoid compounds is guava leaf (Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston). The purpose of this study was to determine the activity and percent reduction in cholesterol levels and the EC50 value of the ethanol extract of guava leaves (Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston) in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with a wavelength of 665 nm. Anticholesterol activity analysis was carried out using Lieberman-Burchard reagent with a test solution series of 150; 300; 450; 600; and 750 ppm. The results showed that the greater the concentration, the lower the absorbance produced and the higher the percent reduction in cholesterol levels. At a concentration of 750 ppm cholesterol decreased by 58.74%. And the obtained EC50 value of 462 ppm, which means at that concentration the ethanol extract of guava leaves (Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston) can reduce 50% of the initial cholesterol.Keywords:Cholesterol, Guava leaf, In Vitro, Spectrophotometry UV-Vis, Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.)Alston. AbstrakKolesterol merupakan suatu zat alami yang memiliki sifat fisik hampir sama dengan lemak tetapi memiliki rumus steroida. Kolesterol adalah sterol utama yang ada pada jaringan tubuh dan termasuk dalam golongan lipid yang tidak terhidrolisis. Apabila kadar kolesterol mengalami kenaikan, dapat menyebabkan penyumbatan pada pembuluh darah. Dari beberapa penelitian dijelaskan bahwa salah satu senyawa yang dapat menurunkan kolesterol adalah flavonoid, salah satu tanaman yang mengandung senyawa flavonoid adalah daun jambu air (Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.)Alston). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas dan persen penurunan kadar kolesterol serta nilai EC50 dari ekstrak etanol daun jambu air (Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.)Alston) secara in vitro menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis dengan panjang gelombang 665 nm. Analisis aktivitas antikolesterol dilakukan dengan menggunakan pereaksi Lieberman-Burchard dengan seri larutan sampeli 150; 300; 450; 600; dan 750 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin besar konsentrasi, absorbansi yang dihasilkan adalah semakin rendah dan persen penurunan kadar kolesterolnya semakin tinggi. Pada konsentrasi 750 ppm terjadi penurunan kolesterol sebesar 58,74%. Dan diperoleh nilai EC50 sebesar 462 ppm yang artinya pada konsentrasi tersebut ekstrak etanol daun jambu air (Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.)Alston) dapat menurunkan 50% dari kolesterol awal.Kata kunci: Daun jambu air;Kolesterol;In Vitro;Spektrofotometri UV-Vis;Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.)Alston

Pharmacological Activities and Characterization of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds in Methanolic Extract of Euphorbia cuneata Vahl Aerial Parts

Euphorbia cuneata Vahl. (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammation, although the biological basis for these effects has not been thoroughly investigated. The goal of this study was to investigate the pharmacological properties and characterization of phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in the aerial parts of E. cuneata. E. cuneata aerial parts were tested for antioxidant activity (DPPH), antibacterial activity, cell viability and cytotoxic effects, and anti-inflammatory activity. Phenolic and flavonoid contents (HPLC), and volatile constituents (GC-MS) were also characterized. The methanol extract had the highest antioxidant activity, while the ether extract had the lowest. The antioxidant activity of E. cuneata extract increased from (21.11%) at a concentration of 10 µg/mL to (95.53%) at a concentration of 1280 µg/mL. S. aureus was the most sensitive organism with the highest zone of inhibition and lowest MIC, with acetone extract; whereas C. tropicalis was the most resistant, with the lowest inhibition zone. MTT assay revealed that the methanol extract of E. cuneata had significant cytotoxic effects on the A549, Caco-2, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively. Lower concentrations of methanolic extract gave anti-inflammatory activity, and those effects were compared with indomethacin as a positive control. Pyrogallol was the most abundant phenolic acid, followed by caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, syringic, and gallic acids, respectively. The 7-hydroxyflavone and rutin flavonoids were also found in the extract. GC-mass analysis showed that aerial parts of E. cuneata were rich in methyl 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate. The volatile components were also composed of considerable amounts of hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, (9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl chloride, and methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate as well as a little amount of hexanal dimethyl acetal. It can be concluded that methanolic extract of E. cuneata could be used as an available source of natural bioactive constituents with consequent health benefits.