SOME SEROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES EXTRACTED FROM STAPHYLOCOCCI AND A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-672
Author(s):  
Anne M. Collins ◽  
I. B. R. Duncan ◽  
Elisabeth M. Neelin ◽  
R. Znamirowski ◽  
T. E. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Hemolytic Streptococcus ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Common ◽  
Species Specific

Polysaccharide-type extracts prepared from a coagulase-positive staphylococcus, a coagulase-negative staphylococcus, and a type 12 hemolytic streptococcus were investigated by means of the hemagglutination technique to determine whether the extract of Staphylococcus pyogenes contained antigens that could detect species-specific antibodies in antisera. The sera used were prepared by inoculating rabbits with vaccines, extract-sensitized erythrocytes, or extract alone. The extracts themselves elicited poor antibody formation unless adsorbed on erythrocytes. Marked serological cross reactions were found among the preparations from all three organisms, and mirror absorption tests failed to yield clear evidence of species-specific factors in the extracts or in the antisera. The latex fixation technique demonstrated similar cross reactions to those found by hemagglutination. The common antigen or complex of antigens found in the extracts of all three organisms were not identified as the non-specific antigens described by Rantz and others. Chemical analyses of the extracts showed that, as prepared, they were complex mixtures of substances to which the term "polysaccharide" could not properly be applied.

scholarly journals Importance of serological cross-reactivity amongToxoplasma gondii, Hammondiaspp.,Neosporaspp.,Sarcocystisspp. andBesnoitia besnoiti

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 144 (7) ◽  
pp. 851-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUÍS F. P. GONDIM ◽  
JOSÉ R. MINEO ◽  
GEREON SCHARES
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Besnoitia Besnoiti ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Species Specific

SUMMARYToxoplasma gondii, Neosporaspp.,Sarcocystisspp.,Hammondiaspp. andBesnoitia besnoitiare genetically related cyst-forming coccidia. Serology is frequently used for the identification ofT. gondii, Neosporaspp. andB. besnoiti-exposed individuals. Serologic cross-reactions occur in different tests among animals infected withT. gondiiandH. hammondi,as well as among animals infected byT. gondiiandN. caninum. Infections caused byN. caninumandN. hughesiare almost indistinguishable by serology.Neospora caninum, B. besnoitiandSarcocystisspp. infections in cattle show some degree of serologic cross-reactivity. Antibody cross-reactivity betweenNeosporaspp. andH. heydorni-infected animals is suspected, but not proven to occur. We review serologic cross-reactivity among animals and/or humans infected withT. gondii, Neosporaspp.,Sarcocystisspp.,Hammondiaspp. andB. besnoiti. Emphasis is laid upon antigens and serological methods forN. caninumdiagnosis which were tested for cross-reactivity with related protozoa. Species-specific antigens, as well as stage-specific proteins have been identified in some of these parasites and have promising use for diagnosis and epidemiological surveys.

The participation of common and species-"specific" antigens of mycobacteria in the tuberculin skin reaction

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 774-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Turcotte
Keyword(s):  
Skin Reaction ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Cutaneous Reaction ◽  
Tuberculin Reaction ◽  
Cross Absorption ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Antigens ◽  
Species Specific

Protoplasmic extracts isolated from four different species of mycobacteria contained common and species-specific antigens. Both the common and the specific antigens were involved in the elicitation of the tuberculin reaction in sensitized guinea pigs. The elimination of the common antigens from the extracts by means of cross absorption with heterologous mycobacterial antibodies led to preparations which, at the doses used in this study, elicited a cutaneous reaction in animals sensitized with the corresponding strains only. Moreover, the tuberculin activity of the common antigens was about the same in animals sensitized either with homologous or heterologous strains.

Species-specific antigens ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniae and cross-reactions with other porcine mycoplasmas

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran Bölske ◽  
Marie-Louise Strandberg ◽  
Katrin Bergström ◽  
Karl-Erik Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Species Specific

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF SOME MAMMALIAN SPERMATOZOA

1938 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Henle ◽  
Gertrude Henle ◽  
Leslie A. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Antigenic Structure ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Native Cell ◽  
Heat Stable Antigen ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Absorption Technique ◽  
Mammalian Spermatozoa

1. A method has been described for separation of heads and tails of mammalian spermatozoa. 2. By means of absorption technique applied to homologous spermatozoal sera, head-specific and tail-specific antigens could be demonstrated. Both are heat-labile. 3. A heat-stable antigen was found to be common to both heads and tails. This substance is species-specific. 4. Antibodies against the head- and tail-specific antigens led to two different types of agglutination as shown by the slide method. 5. Using heterologous antisera against spermatozoa three different cross-reacting antigens could be observed, two in the heads, one in the tails. 6. One of the head-antigens is not active in the native cell; it comes to action only after breaking the cell. Antibodies against this substance were not found in antisera against native bull spermatozoa but were formed when vibrated spermatozoa or heads were injected into rabbits. 7. The cross-reactions can be removed from an antiserum leaving the head- as well as the tail-specific reaction intact.

scholarly journals Evolution, Expression, and Function of Gonadal Somatic Cell-Derived Factor

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-wei Hsu ◽  
Bon-chu Chung
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Common ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
And Function

Fish gonads develop in very diverse ways different from mammalian gonads. This diversity is contributed by species-specific factors. Gonadal somatic cell-derived factor (Gsdf) is one such factor. The gsdf gene exists mostly in teleosts and is absent in many tetrapods, probably as a result of two gene losses during evolution. The gsdf transcript is expressed mainly in gonadal somatic cells, including Sertoli cell in testis and granulosa cells in ovary; however, these gonadal somatic cells can surround many types of germ cells at different developmental stages depending on the fish species. The function of gsdf is also variable. It is involved in germ cell proliferation, testicular formation, ovarian development and even male sex determination. Here, we summarize the common and diverse expression, regulation and functions of gsdf among different fish species with aspect of evolution.

scholarly journals Trehalose-containing lipooligosaccharides. A new class of species-specific antigens from Mycobacterium.

1983 ◽  
Vol 258 (17) ◽  
pp. 10481-10487 ◽  
Author(s):  
S W Hunter ◽  
R C Murphy ◽  
K Clay ◽  
M B Goren ◽  
P J Brennan
Keyword(s):  
New Class ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Species Specific

scholarly journals Comparing the folding landscapes of evolutionarily divergent procaspase-3

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqi Yao ◽  
Clay Clark
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Change ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Folding Pathway ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Folding Intermediates ◽  
Effector Caspases ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Dimeric Intermediate

All caspases evolved from a common ancestor and subsequently developed into two general classes, inflammatory or apoptotic caspases. The caspase-hemoglobinase fold has been conserved throughout nearly one billion years of evolution and is utilized for both the monomeric and dimeric subfamilies of apoptotic caspases, called initiator and effector caspases, respectively. We compared the folding and assembly of procaspase-3b from zebrafish to that of human effector procaspases in order to examine the conservation of the folding landscape. Urea-induced equilibrium folding/unfolding of procaspase-3b showed a minimum three-state folding pathway, where the native dimer isomerizes to a partially folded dimeric intermediate, which then unfolds. A partially folded monomeric intermediate observed in the folding landscape of human procaspase-3 is not well-populated in zebrafish procaspase-3b. By comparing effector caspases from different species, we show that the effector procaspase dimer undergoes a pH-dependent conformational change, and that the conformational species in the folding landscape exhibit similar free energies. Together, the data show that the landscape for the caspase-hemoglobinase fold is conserved, yet it provides flexibility for species-specific stabilization or destabilization of folding intermediates resulting in changes in stability. The common pH-dependent conformational change in the native dimer, which yields an enzymatically inactive species, may provide an additional, albeit reversible, mechanism for controlling caspase activity in the cell.

Spatial partitioning in the use of structural woody habitat supports the cohabitation of two cod species in a large lowland river

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lieschke ◽  
J. P. Lyon ◽  
P. D. Moloney ◽  
S. J. Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Lowland River ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Spatial Partitioning ◽  
Murray River ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Common ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Murray Cod

Many freshwater fish worldwide have been shown to use Structural Woody Habitat (SWH) for a variety of reasons. The mid reaches of the Murray River, a large lowland river in south-eastern Australia, was surveyed by boat electrofishing, to investigate the use of SWH type (hollows, rootmass and solids), SWH distance to bank (near bank, intermediate to bank and mid-channel) and the interaction between SWH type and distance to bank. The study found that Murray cod catch per unit effort (CPUE) increased in near-bank areas when hollows were a component of the SWH. The CPUE of trout cod was higher when hollows were present. However, the interactions between distance to bank and hollow SWH were complex and dependent on presence or absence of rootmass. The species-specific interactions between SWH microhabitat and distance to bank found within this study has important relevance for stream managers. The common practice of realigning SWH favours Murray cod over trout cod, which could have negative consequences for the endangered trout cod. More broadly, managers may need to consider a balance of SWH type and where it is placed in the river for the species they are targeting when rehabilitating rivers via the introduction of SWH.

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