The determination of the degree of serological relationship among four carlaviruses using an immunoelectron microscope-decoration technique and cross-absorption tests

A very close serological relationship was found between CVB and PVS, while only a distant relationship was shown between CVB and CLV. Each of these viruses had its own characteristic major "antigenic fraction", distinguishing it from the others, and small "antigenic fraction" common to all four. The antiserum to CLV was shown to be the richest in various antigenic fractions, antisera against PVM and PVS had the same number of fractions but of different specificity and CVB-antiserum had the relatively smallest number of fractions.

A comparison between GATE4 results and MCNP4B published data for internal radiation dosimetry

SummaryAim: GATE, has been designed as upper layer of the GEANT4 toolkit for nuclear medicine application including internal dosimetry. However, its results have not been fully compared to the well-developed codes and anthropomorphic voxel phantoms have never been used with GATE/GEANT for internal dosimetry. The aim of present study was to compare the internal dose calculated by GATE/GEANT with the MCNP4B published data. Methods: The Zubal phantom was used to model a typical adult male. Activity was assumed uniformly distributed in liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, pancreas and adrenals. GATE/ GEANT Monte Carlo package was used for estimation of doses in the phantom. Simulations were performed for photon energy of 0.01–1 MeV and mono-energetic electrons of 935 keV. Specific absorbed fractions for photons and S-factors for electrons were calculated. Results: On average, GATE/GEANT produces higher photon SAF (Specific Absorbed Fraction) values (+2.7%) for self-absorption and lower values (-2.9%) for cross-absorption. The difference was higher for paired organs particularly lungs. Moreover the photon SAF values for lungs as source organ at the energy of 200 and 500 keV was considerably higher with MCNP4B compared to GATE. Conclusion: Despite of differences between the GATE4 and MCNP4B, the results can be considered ensuring. This may be considered as validation of GATE/GEANT as a proprietary code in nuclear medicine for radionuclide dosimetry applications.