Cytogenetics of two novel compensating diploids in barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Genome ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Singh ◽  
T. Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Chromosome Arrangement ◽  
I 11 ◽  
Chromosome Separation ◽  
Spring Type ◽  
Origin Identification ◽  
Metaphase I

Novel compensating diploid plants are very rare in diploid species. The objective of this study was to describe the origin, identification, and meiotic and breeding behaviors of two compensating diploids of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), isolated in a spring-type two-rowed cultivar, 'Shin Ebisu 16' (SE 16). A plant with 2n = 13 + 1 acro3L3S + 1 telo3S was identified cytologically in an F2 population from the cross 2n = 14 + 1 acro3L3S × yst 2 (yellow streak 2). In this plant, 1 acro3L3S and 1 telo3S compensated for one normal chromosome 3. The selfed population from this plant usually segregated three chromosomal types in a ratio of 1 (2n = 14): 2 (2n = 13 + 1 acro3L3S + 1 telo3S): (2n = 12 + 2 acro3L3S + 2 telo3S). A 1 (2n = 14): 1 (2n = 13 + 1 acro3L3S + 1 telo3S) ratio was observed when the plants with 2n = 13 + 1 acro3L3S + 1 telo3S were crossed with a diploid either as a male or female. At metaphase I, plants with 2n = 13 + 1 acro3L3S + 1 telo3S showed a 1 III + 6 II configuration in 84% of the sporotypes and the remaining (16%) sporocytes had a 6 II + I 11 (heteromorphic) + 1 I configuration. The chromosome arrangement in a trivalent was ∙3S–3S∙3L–3L3S. At anaphase I, a 7–8 (6 + 1 acro3L3S + 1 telo3S) chromosome separation was observed in 87.9% sporocytes. The second compensating diploid (2n = 12 + 2 acro3L3S + 2 telo3S) bred true and only produced plants with 2n = 13 + 1 acro3L3S + 1 telo3S when crossed with a diploid either as a male or female. At metaphase I, 97% of the sporocytes showed 8 II (6 II + I acro3L3S II + 1 telo3SII) and an 8–8 chromosome separation was recorded in 90% of the sporocytes at anaphase I. Morphologically, plants with 2n = 14, 2n = 13 + 1 acro3L3s + 1 telo3S, and 2n = 12 + 2 acro3L3S + 2 telo3S were indistinguishable.Key words: acrotrisomics, telotrisomics, heterochromatin.

THE ACTION OF ACTINOMYCIN D AND DIEPOXYBUTANE ON RECOMBINATION OF TWO CLOSELY LINKED LOCI IN HORDEUM

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Sinha ◽  
S. B. Helgason
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Alkylating Agent ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Meiotic Stage ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Uppermost Internode

The effects of applying aqueous solutions of each of actinomycin D (50 μg/ml) and diepoxybutane (0.04%) at the pre-meiotic stage of Hordeum vulgare L. Emend. Lam. were determined with respect to segregation and recombination of the mutants xe and an, closely linked in a region proximal to the centromere in chromosome 3. The solutions were injected into the spike area and the uppermost internode. Recombination in diepoxybutane-treated barley was approximately threefold that of the control for the region tested. A corressponding increase resulted from treatment with actinomycin D. Lethality to culms was considerably greater from the antibiotic than from the alkylating agent. Actinomycin D also reduced the frequency of expression, among progeny plants, of the albino (an) phenotype. Although the effect of the two chemicals on recombination was similar, differences in other effects were considered to indicate different modes of action in raising recombination levels.

Production and cytological studies of nine-paired barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hang ◽  
T. Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Proximal Segment ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Metaphase I

Several barley plants with 2n = 18 chromosomes (9 II) were developed from crosses between two lines with 2n = 16 chromosomes (8 II). Cytological studies of the 18-chromosome plants showed nine bivalents at metaphase I and normal 9:9 segregation at anaphase I. Morphologically, these plants with 18 chromosomes were qualitatively similar to normal diploids (2n = 14), in spite of a duplication of a small proximal segment of the short arm of chromosome 3. However, the 18-chromosome plants were as vigorous as some normal diploid cultivars and more vigorous than 16-chromosome parental lines. If the duplicated segment carried beneficial gene(s), it might be useful for enhancement of germplasm in barley genetics and breeding. The significance of the establishment of this new 18-chromosome barley in karyotype evolution is discussed.Key words: nine-paired barley, aneuploid, trisomic, duplication, Hordeum.

HAPLOIDS FROM BARLEY × RYE CROSSES

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Fedak
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
First Report ◽  
Metaphase I

Haploids of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. emend. Lam.) were recovered at a frequency of less than 1% from pollinations of five strains of barley with the diploid rye cv. Prolific. This is the first report of barley haploids obtained from barley × rye crosses. Preliminary studies suggest that haploids arose through a process of elimination of rye chromatin. At metaphase I in the haploids a small degree of nonhomologous pairing expressed as bivalents and trivalents or secondary associations was observed.

DNA sequence-based mapping and comparative genomics of the St genome of Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve versus wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Genome ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 445-457
Author(s):  
Richard R.-C. Wang ◽  
Xingfeng Li ◽  
Matthew D. Robbins ◽  
Steve R. Larson ◽  
Shaun B. Bushman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tag ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Pseudoroegneria Spicata ◽  
Mapping Populations

Bluebunch wheatgrass (referred to as BBWG) [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve] is an important rangeland Triticeae grass used for forage, conservation, and restoration. This diploid has the basic St genome that occurs also in many polyploid Triticeae species, which serve as a gene reservoir for wheat improvement. Until now, the St genome in diploid species of Pseudoroegneria has not been mapped. Using a double-cross mapping populations, we mapped 230 expressed sequence tag derived simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) and 3468 genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) markers to 14 linkage groups (LGs), two each for the seven homologous groups of the St genome. The 227 GBS markers of BBWG that matched those in a previous study helped identify the unclassified seven LGs of the St sub-genome among 21 LGs of Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey. Comparisons of GBS sequences in BBWG to whole-genome sequences in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) revealed that the St genome shared a homology of 35% and 24%, a synteny of 86% and 84%, and a collinearity of 0.85 and 0.86, with ABD and H, respectively. This first-draft molecular map of the St genome will be useful in breeding cereal and forage crops.

Comparison of crossover frequencies in barley (Hordeum vulgare) and H. vulgare × H. bulbosum hybrids using a paracentric inversion

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Paracentric Inversion ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
Gene Introgression ◽  
Hordeum Bulbosum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Meiotic Analyses ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Homoeologous Chromosomes

Crosses between different parental ploidy combinations of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and H. bulbosum L. have been carried out principally to obtain hybrids with high allosyndetic chromosome pairing. Fertility has been observed in tetraploid and triploid hybrids, but there has been little evidence of gene introgression from H. bulbosum into H. vulgare in their progeny. To investigate whether crossing-over takes place between homoeologous chromosomes of H. vulgare and H. bulbosum, diploid hybrids were obtained from crosses between a barley mutant (wst3) homozygous for a paracentric inversion on chromosome 3 and one H. bulbosum genotype. Meiotic analyses at metaphase I and anaphase I and II were carried out on several viable hybrids and compared with control diploid hybrids without the inversion and H. vulgare plants heterozygous for the inversion. Aberrations (bridges and (or) fragments) in H. vulgare × H. bulbosum pollen mother cells at anaphase I were significantly less frequent than in the barley hétérozygote. It is concluded that reduced crossing-over between the parental chromosomes in hybrids contributes to the lack of success in obtaining genetic recombinations between the two species.Key words: Hordeum vulgare, Hordeum bulbosum, interspecific hybrid, paracentric inversion, crossing-over.

Ultrastructure and Senescence in an Achloroplastic Mutant of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Dyan

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 844-845
Author(s):  
R.H.M. Cross ◽  
C.E.J. Botha ◽  
A.K. Cowan ◽  
B.J. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
Cytoplasmic Matrix ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Pinocytotic Vesicles

Senescence is an ordered degenerative process leading to death of individual cells, organs and organisms. The detection of a conditional lethal mutant (achloroplastic) of Hordeum vulgare has enabled us to investigate ultrastructural changes occurring in leaf tissue during foliar senescence.Examination of the tonoplast structure in six and 14 day-old mutant tissue revealed a progressive degeneration and disappearance of the membrane, apparently starting by day six in the vicinity of the mitochondria associated with the degenerating proplastid (Fig. 1.) where neither of the plastid membrane leaflets is evident (arrows, Fig. 1.). At this stage there was evidence that the mitochondrial membranes were undergoing retrogressive changes, coupled with disorganization of cristae (Fig. 2.). Proplastids (P) lack definitive prolamellar bodies. The cytoplasmic matrix is largely agranular, with few endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae or polyribosomal aggregates. Interestingly, large numbers of actively-budding dictysomes, associated with pinocytotic vesicles, were observed in close proximity to the plasmalemma of mesophyll cells (Fig. 3.). By day 14 however, mesophyll cells showed almost complete breakdown of subcellular organelle structure (Fig. 4.), and further evidence for the breakdown of the tonoplast. The final stage of senescence is characterized by the solubilization of the cell wall due to expression and activity of polygalacturonase and/or cellulose. The presence of dictyosomes with associated pinocytotic vesicles formed from the mature face, in close proximity to both the plasmalemma and the cell wall, would appear to support the model proposed by Christopherson for the secretion of cellulase. This pathway of synthesis is typical for secretory glycoproteins.

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