Salivary polytene chromosome mapping of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera)

Genome ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Chaudhry ◽  
Neetu ◽  
S Gupta ◽  
J S Chhilar
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Molecular Taxonomy ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Mapping ◽  
Anopheles Subpictus ◽  
Chromosome Inversion ◽  
Chromosome Maps ◽  
The Comparative Study

With the introduction of molecular taxonomy of mosquitoes, polytene chromosome maps have become indispensable as standard references for locating genes, puffs, and inversion breakpoints of unique DNA sequences. We present a line map and a photomap of the salivary polytene chromosomes of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi, an important emerging vector of malaria in India. In addition, we discuss the nature of this species complex consisting of sibling species A, B, C, and D. The comparative study is in relevance to the X chromosome heterozygous inversion differences between 2 allopatric populations of the species and the recognition of 4 X-chromosome inversion genotypes viz: species A–X+a+b, B–Xab, C–Xa+b and D–X+ab.Key words: Anopheles subpictus, polytene chromosome map.

Photographic polytene chromosome maps for Glossina morsitans submorsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae): cytogenetic analysis of a colony with sex-ratio distortion

Genome ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gariou-Papalexiou ◽  
G Yannopoulos ◽  
A Zacharopoulou ◽  
R H Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Ratio Distortion ◽  
Chromosome Maps ◽  
Sex Ratio Distortion ◽  
Pharate Adult

Photographic polytene chromosome maps from trichogen cells of pharate adult Glossina morsitans submorsitans were constructed. Using the standard system employed to map polytene chromosomes of Drosophila, the characteristic landmarks were described for the X chromosome and the two autosomes (L1 and L2). Sex-ratio distortion, which is expressed in male G. m. submorsitans, was found to be associated with an X chromosome (XB) that contains three inversions in each arm. Preliminary data indicate no differences in the fecundity of XAXA and XAXB females, but there are indications that G. m. submorsitans in colonies originating from Burkina Faso and Nigeria have genes on the autosomes and (or) the Y chromosome that suppress expression of sex-ratio distortion.Key words: tsetse, Glossina morsitans submorsitans, polytene chromosome maps, inversions, sex-ratio distortion.

scholarly journals Polytene chromosomes of an Indian Himalayan black fly Simulium (Nevermannia) praelargum (Diptera: Simuliidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willie Henry ◽  
Subrata Kumar Dey ◽  
Rakesh Varma ◽  
Sachin Thapa ◽  
William S Procunier
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Metacentric Chromosome ◽  
Double Bubble ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Chromosomal Markers ◽  
Total Complement ◽  
Chromosome Maps

Abstract High quality polytene chromosome maps (n=3) of a Himalayan Simuliid Simulium praelargum Datta, 1973 are presented and represent the first cytological description of a taxon found in the feuerborni group, subgenus Nevermannia. Polytene chromosomes one (I) and two (II) are metacentric, chromosome three (III) is submetacentric with the length of each chromosome occupying 37.25 %, 31.36 % and 31.34 % of the total complement length, respectively. Typical simuliid diagnostic intergeneric chromosomal markers are found within the polytene complement of this species. The nucleolar organizer (N.O.) is found at the base of the short arm of chromosome one (IS), the Ring of Balbiani (R.B.), double bubble (D.B.) and triad occur in the short arm of chromosome two (IIS), the Parabalbiani Ring (P.B.) and grey band (gb) occur in the long arm of chromosome two (IIL) and the Blister (BL) and Capsule (Ca) occur in the short arm of chromosome three (IIIS).Terminal bands at the end of IIIS are heterochromatinized and present atypically with respect to other simuliid fauna. Populations studied so far are unique among the Simuliidae in that they exhibit chromosome structural monomorphism. These high resolution polytene chromosome maps will form the basis for future cytological characterization and phylogenetic comparisons amongst members of the feuerborni group.

scholarly journals DNA rearrangements in Euplotes crassus coincide with discrete periods of DNA replication during the polytene chromosome stage of macronuclear development.

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 6488-6495 ◽  
Author(s):  
J S Frels ◽  
C L Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Dna Replication ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Single Locus ◽  
Dna Rearrangements ◽  
Macronuclear Development ◽  
Euplotes Crassus ◽  
Inhibition Of Dna Synthesis

Macronuclear development in Euplotes crassus begins with polytenization of micronuclear chromosomes and is accompanied by highly precise excision of DNA sequences known as internal eliminated sequences and transposon-like elements (Tecs). Quantitation of radiolabeled-precursor incorporation into DNA indicates that DNA synthesis during formation of polytene chromosomes is not continuous and occurs during two distinct periods. We demonstrate that the timing of Tec excision coincides with these replication periods and that excision can occur during both periods even at a single locus. We also show that Tec and internal eliminated sequence excisions are coincident in the second replication period, thus providing further evidence for similarity in their excision mechanism. Inhibition of DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea diminishes Tec element excision, indicating that replication is an important aspect of the excision process.

scholarly journals Analysis of Mitotic and Polytene Chromosomes and Photographic Polytene Chromosome Maps in Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zacharopoulou ◽  
W.A.A. Sayed ◽  
A. A. Augustinos ◽  
F. Yesmin ◽  
A. S. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Bactrocera Cucurbitae ◽  
Chromosome Maps

Cytological differences and chromosomal rearrangements in four members of the Anopheles dirus complex (Diptera: Culicidae)

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Baimai ◽  
A. Poopittayasataporn ◽  
U. Kijchalao
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Anopheles Dirus ◽  
Chromosome Inversion ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Band Size

A reference photomap of the larval salivary gland, polytene chromosomes of the Anopheles dims complex (species A) is presented. Samples of species A, B, C, and D from natural populations in Thailand were compared to this standard map using the larval progeny of wild-caught females. All species show differences in their chromosome banding patterns involving band size, number, and shape, particularly at the free ends of the X, 2R, and 2L. These differences provide useful diagnostic characters for separating members of the species complex. However, overall banding patterns are conservative in the group: species A, B, and C are virtually homosequential. Species D is highly polymorphic for a single paracentric inversion in each of the four autosomal arms and has a fixed inversion on the X chromosome. This same X chromosome inversion occurs at low frequency in species A.Key words: Anopheles dirus, larval polytene chromosome, inversion polymorphisms.

scholarly journals Molecular and cytogenetic analysis of the heterochromatin-euchromatin junction region of the Drosophila melanogaster X chromosome using cloned DNA sequences.

Genetics ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
M T Yamamoto ◽  
A Mitchelson ◽  
M Tudor ◽  
K O'Hare ◽  
J A Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Insertion Sequence ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Ribosomal Genes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Satellite Sequence

Abstract We have used three cloned DNA sequences consisting of (1) part of the suppressor of forked transcription unit, (2) a cloned 359-bp satellite, and (3), a type I ribosomal insertion, to examine the structure of the base of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster where different chromatin types are found in juxtaposition. A DNA probe from the suppressor of forked locus hybridizes exclusively to the very proximal polytenized part of division 20, which forms part of the beta-heterochromatin of the chromocenter. The cloned 359-bp satellite sequence, which derives from the proximal mitotic heterochromatin between the centromere and the ribosomal genes, hybridizes to the under replicated alpha-heterochromatin of the chromocenter. The type I insertion sequence, which has major locations in the ribosomal genes and in the distal mitotic heterochromatin of the X chromosome, hybridizes as expected to the nucleolus but does not hybridize to the beta-heterochromatic division 20 of the polytene X chromosome. Our molecular data reveal that the suppressor of forked locus, which on cytogenetic grounds is the most proximal ordinary gene on the X chromosome, is very close to the junction of the polytenized and non-polytenized region of the X chromosome. The data have implications for the structure of beta-heterochromatin-alpha-heterochromatin junction zones in both mitotic and polytene chromosomes, and are discussed with reference to models of chromosome structure.

Differential occurrence of chromosome inversion polymorphisms among Muller's elements in three species of the tripunctata group of Drosophila, including a species with fast chromosomal evolution

Genome ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsue T. Brianti ◽  
Galina Ananina ◽  
Louis B. Klaczko
Keyword(s):  
Pericentric Inversion ◽  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Chromosome Inversion ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Chromosome Inversions ◽  
Chromosome Maps ◽  
Chromosome Fusions

Detailed chromosome maps with reliable homologies among chromosomes of different species are the first step to study the evolution of the genetic architecture in any set of species. Here, we present detailed photo maps of the polytene chromosomes of three closely related species of the tripunctata group (subgenus Drosophila): Drosophila mediopunctata, D. roehrae, and D. unipunctata. We identified Muller's elements in each species, using FISH, establishing reliable chromosome homologies among species and D. melanogaster. The simultaneous analysis of chromosome inversions revealed a distribution pattern for the inversion polymorphisms among Muller's elements in the three species. Element E is the most polymorphic, with many inversions in each species. Element C follows; while the least polymorphic elements are B and D. While interesting, it remains to be determined how general this pattern is among species of the tripunctata group. Despite previous studies showing that D. mediopunctata and D. unipunctata are phylogenetically closer to each other than to D. roehrae, D. unipunctata shows rare karyotypic changes. It has two chromosome fusions: an additional heterochromatic chromosome pair and a pericentric inversion in the X chromosome. This especial conformation suggests a fast chromosomal evolution that deserves further study.

Polytene chromosome mapping in Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bedo
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Mitotic Chromosome ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Mapping ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
Characteristic Features

Polytene chromosome reference maps of the five autosomes of Ceratitis capitata from male pupal orbital bristle trichogen cells are presented and a correlation is established between two of them and the two largest of the five autosomes in the haploid mitotic complement. Characteristic features of each chromosome are described identifying areas that are difficult to analyze and noting the existence of common alternative band expression. A quantitative analysis of the mitotic karyotype of C. capitata indicates that the two smallest autosome pairs cannot be reliably distinguished. This may present problems with future attempts to establish homologies between the remaining mitotic and polytene chromosomes. A comparison of polytene chromosome banding patterns from salivary gland and trichogen cells failed to find any homologous regions, or even to identify homologous chromosomes. The banding differences are not explained by variation in puffing patterns, heterochromatin expression, or polyteny levels, but appear to reflect fundamental differences in banding patterns of the chromosomes in each tissue. Key words: Ceratitis capitata, polytene chromosome map, mitotic chromosome measurements.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of hobo-Mediated Inversions in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-656
Author(s):  
William B Eggleston ◽  
Nac R Rim ◽  
Johng K Lim
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Inversions ◽  
Hobo Element ◽  
Reaction Amplification ◽  
Notch Locus ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract The structure of chromosomal inversions mediated by hobo transposable elements in the Uc-1 X chromosome was investigated using cytogenetic and molecular methods. Uc-1 contains a phenotypically silent hobo element inserted in an intron of the Notch locus. Cytological screening identified six independent Notch mutations resulting from chromosomal inversions with one breakpoint at cytological position 3C7, the location of Notch. In situ hybridization to salivary gland polytene chromosomes determined that both ends of each inversion contained hobo and Notch sequences. Southern blot analyses showed that both breakpoints in each inversion had hobo-Notch junction fragments indistinguishable in structure from those present in the Uc-1 X chromosome prior to the rearrangements. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the 12 hobo-Notch junction fragments in the six inversions, followed by DNA sequence analysis, determined that each was identical to one of the two hobo-Notch junctions present in Uc-1. These results are consistent with a model in which hobo-mediated inversions result from homologous pairing and recombination between a pair of hobo elements in reverse orientation.

Chromosome polymorphism in natural populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say species A and B

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Kaiser ◽  
J. A. Seawright ◽  
B. K. Birky
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Chromosome Polymorphism ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Anopheles Quadrimaculatus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Maculipennis Complex

Ovarian polytene chromosomes from eight populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus in the southeastern United States were observed for chromosomal polymorphisms. Two sibling species, species A and B, each with intraspecific inversions, were distinguished. Species A correlates with the previously published standard maps for salivary gland and ovarian nurse-cell polytene chromosomes. Species A was found at all eight collection sites, and five of these populations also contained species B. Three inversions on the right arm of chromosome 3 were observed in species A. Species B contained a fixed inversion on the X chromosome, one fixed and one floating inversion on the left arm of chromosome 2, and one fixed and one floating inversion on the right arm of chromosome 3. The fixed inversion on the X chromosome makes this the best diagnostic chromosome for distinguishing species A and B. An unusual dimorphism in the left arm of chromosome 3, found in both species A and B, contained two inversions. The heterokaryotypes, as well as two distinct homokaryotypes, were seen in all of the field populations. Intraspecific clinal variations in the frequencies of the species A inversions were noted. The Florida populations were practically devoid of inversions, the Georgia and Alabama populations contained some inversions, and the Arkansas population was mostly homozygous for two of the inversions. The phylogenetic relationships of species A and B to the Maculipennis complex (Nearctic) are discussed.Key words: Anopheles, inversion, populations, chromosome polymorphism, phylogenetics.

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